ETHICS - Midterms Flashcards
- True or False: “Thou shall not kill” is considered a moral standard.
- True: “Thou shall not kill” is a fundamental moral standard.
- True or False: Non-moral standards include rules like “No trespassing” and “Do not talk when your mouth is full.”
- True: Non-moral standards include rules like “No trespassing.”
- True or False: The morality of an action is solely determined by the act itself, without considering the circumstances.
- False: The morality of an action is determined by the act itself, the end of the act, and the circumstances.
- True or False: Feelings can either help or hinder moral decision-making.
- True: Feelings can influence moral decision-making positively or negatively.
- True or False: A good act done for an evil motive remains a good act.
- False: A good act done for an evil motive is not considered good.
- True or False: The end of an act justifies the means used to achieve it.
- False: The end does not justify the means; both must be evaluated for morality.
- True or False: Moral courage is important when facing fear and violence in ethical dilemmas.
- True: Moral courage is essential in facing ethical dilemmas involving fear and violence.
- True or False: Ignorance of the law is a valid excuse for committing a crime.
- False: Ignorance of the law does not excuse one from accountability.
- True or False: The circumstances surrounding an action do not affect its moral evaluation.
- False: Circumstances can significantly alter the moral evaluation of an act.
- True or False: A bad action done for a good motive becomes a good action.
- False: A bad action done for a good motive does not become good.
- True or False: Feelings are instinctive responses that can be obstacles in moral decision-making.
- True: Feelings can be obstacles in making sound moral decisions.
- True or False: Ethical standards are the same across all cultures and societies.
- False: Ethical standards can vary across different cultures and societies.
- True or False: The act, the end of the act, and the circumstances are all determinants of the morality of a human act.
- True: The act, the end of the act, and the circumstances are all determinants of morality.
- True or False: A moral standard is a guideline that dictates what is right or wrong behavior.
- True: Moral standards guide what is considered right or wrong behavior.
- True or False: The motive behind an action is irrelevant to its moral assessment.
- False: The motive behind an action is a key factor in its moral assessment.
- True or False: A person can be held accountable for actions done out of habit.
16.True: Individuals can be held accountable for actions performed out of habit.
- True or False: Ethical dilemmas often involve choosing between two equally undesirable outcomes.
- True: Ethical dilemmas often involve difficult choices between undesirable outcomes.
- True or False: The module suggests that rest can help clear the mind for better decision-making.
- True: Rest can help refresh the mind for better decision-making.
- True or False: Moral behavior can be developed through reflection on personal experiences and learnings.
- True: Moral behavior can be developed through reflection and learning from experiences.
- True or False: The module indicates that only human beings are capable of moral reasoning.
- True: The module states that only human beings possess the capacity for moral reasoning.
- True or False: Ethical subjectivism claims that moral judgments are based on individual feelings and opinions.
- True: Ethical subjectivism is based on individual feelings and opinions.
- True or False: According to emotivism, moral statements express emotional responses rather than factual claims.
- True: Emotivism expresses emotional responses rather than factual claims.
- True or False: If someone believes that “stealing is wrong” due to personal feelings, this aligns with ethical subjectivism.
- True: This aligns with ethical subjectivism.
- True or False: Emotivism suggests that when someone says “murder is wrong,” they are stating a fact about the world.
- False: Emotivism sees moral statements as expressions of feelings, not facts
- True or False: Ethical subjectivism implies that there are no objective moral truths, only personal beliefs.
- True: Ethical subjectivism denies objective moral truths.
- True or False: A person who feels that animal testing is wrong is expressing an emotivist perspective.
- True: This reflects an emotivist perspective.
- True or False: Ethical subjectivism would support the idea that different cultures can have conflicting moral beliefs that are equally valid.
- True: Ethical subjectivism supports conflicting moral beliefs as equally valid.
- True or False: Emotivism would argue that moral disagreements can be resolved through rational debate.
- False: Emotivism suggests moral disagreements are based on feelings, not rational debate.
- True or False: If a person says, “I think lying is wrong,” this statement reflects ethical subjectivism.
- True: This statement reflects ethical subjectivism.
- True or False: Emotivism denies the existence of moral facts and focuses solely on emotional expressions.
- True: Emotivism denies moral facts and focuses on emotional expressions.
- True or False: Ethical subjectivism can lead to moral relativism, where all moral views are seen as equally valid.
- True: Ethical subjectivism can lead to moral relativism.
- True or False: A person who expresses anger about injustice is demonstrating an emotivist approach to ethics.
- True: Anger about injustice demonstrates an emotivist approach.
- True or False: Ethical subjectivism allows for universal moral principles that apply to everyone.
- False: Ethical subjectivism does not allow for universal moral principles.
- True or False: Emotivism suggests that moral language is primarily used to influence others’ behavior.
- True: Emotivism suggests moral language influences behavior.
- True or False: Ethical subjectivism can be used to justify harmful actions if the individual believes they are right.
- True: Ethical subjectivism can justify harmful actions based on personal beliefs.
- True or False: Emotivism would argue that moral statements can be true or false based on emotional responses.
- False: Emotivism denies that moral statements can be true or false.
- True or False: A person who feels that cheating is acceptable in certain situations is expressing ethical subjectivism.
- True: This is an expression of ethical subjectivism.
- True or False: Emotivism implies that moral discussions are pointless since they are based on feelings.
- True: Emotivism implies moral discussions are based on feelings.
- True or False: Ethical subjectivism can lead to a lack of accountability for one’s actions.
- True: Ethical subjectivism can lead to a lack of accountability.
- True or False: Emotivism supports the idea that moral statements can be evaluated for their truth value.
- False: Emotivism does not support evaluating moral statements for truth value.
- True or False: A person who accidentally breaks a vase is performing a human act that is knowingly done.
- False: The act is not knowingly done if it is accidental.
- True or False: If someone chooses to lie to avoid punishment, they are acting willfully.
- True: Lying to avoid punishment is a willful act.
- True or False: A child who throws a tantrum without understanding the consequences is acting knowingly.
- False: A child throwing a tantrum is not acting knowingly.
- True or False: A person who plans a robbery is engaging in a willful human act.
- True: Planning a robbery is a willful human act.
- True or False: Knowingly done acts require awareness of the action and its consequences.
- True: Knowingly done acts require awareness of the action and its consequences.
- True or False: A person who forgets to turn off the stove is acting willfully.
- False: Forgetting to turn off the stove is not a willful act.
- True or False: If someone donates to charity out of guilt, they are acting willfully.
- True: Donating out of guilt can be considered a willful act.
- True or False: A driver who runs a red light because they didn’t see it is acting knowingly.
- False: Running a red light without seeing it is not acting knowingly.
- True or False: A person who habitually steals without thinking is performing a knowingly done act.
- False: Habitual stealing without thought is not a knowingly done act.
- True or False: Willful acts are always premeditated and planned.
- False: Willful acts can be spontaneous and not always premeditated.
- True or False: A person who helps another in need without thinking is acting willfully.
- False: Helping without thinking is not a willful act.
- True or False: Knowingly done acts can be both moral and immoral.
- True: Knowingly done acts can be moral or immoral.
- True or False: A person who acts out of instinct is performing a willful act.
- False: Instinctive actions are not willful.
- True or False: A student who cheats on an exam is acting willfully if they know it is wrong.
- True: Cheating on an exam while knowing it is wrong is a willful act.
- True or False: A person who makes a decision after careful consideration is acting knowingly.
- True: Careful consideration indicates a knowingly done act.
- True or False: A person who accidentally hurts someone while playing is acting willfully.
- False: Accidental harm is not a willful act.
- True or False: Knowingly done acts require a conscious choice.
- True: Knowingly done acts require conscious choice.
- True or False: A person who follows orders without questioning is acting knowingly.
- False: Following orders without questioning may not be acting knowingly.
- True or False: A person who engages in a dangerous activity without understanding the risks is acting willfully.
- False: Engaging in dangerous activities without understanding the risks is not willful.
- True or False: Willful acts can be influenced by external factors, such as peer pressure.
- True: Willful acts can be influenced by external factors like peer pressure.
- A human act that is performed with awareness and understanding is considered __________.
a) unknowingly
b) knowingly
c) habitually
d) instinctively
b) knowingly
- When an action is done with intention and purpose, it is described as __________.
a) involuntary
b) willfully
c) accidentally
d) reflexively
b) willfully
- The ability to make choices without coercion is referred to as __________.
a) freedom
b) ignorance
c) compulsion
d) habit
a) freedom
- An act that is done without any awareness of its implications is __________.
a) knowingly
b) willfully
c) unknowingly
d) freely
c) unknowingly
- __________ actions are those that are performed out of a conscious decision.
a) Reflexive
b) Habitual
c) Willful
d) Automatic
c) willful
- The concept of __________ emphasizes the importance of understanding the consequences of one’s actions.
a) freedom
b) knowledge
c) impulse
d) emotion
b) knowledge
- A person who acts __________ is aware of their choices and the moral implications.
a) blindly
b) freely
c) habitually
d) unknowingly
freely
- __________ refers to actions that are done with a clear intention and purpose.
a) Willful
b) Random
c) Accidental
d) Compulsive
a) willful
- The absence of knowledge regarding the law does not excuse a person from __________.
a) punishment
b) understanding
c) freedom
d) choice
a) punishment
- An action that is performed under duress is not considered __________.
a) freely done
b) willfully done
c) knowingly done
d) instinctively done
a) freely done
- __________ actions are often influenced by emotions and can lead to impulsive decisions.
a) Rational
b) Emotional
c) Willful
d) Habitual
b) emotional
- The principle of __________ states that individuals must be aware of their actions to be held accountable. a) ignorance
b) knowledge
c) freedom
d) willfulness
b) knowledge
- A __________ act is one that is done with full awareness of its moral significance.
a) reflexive
b) habitual
c) freely done
d) random
c) freely done
- __________ is the capacity to act according to one’s own will and make choices.
a) Knowledge
b) Freedom
c) Habit
d) Emotion
b) freedom
- An act performed without any intention is often described as __________. a) willful
b) accidental
c) habitual
d) deliberate
b) accidental
- The __________ of an action can determine its moral value.
a) consequence
b) emotion
c) habit
d) impulse
a) consequence
- A person who acts __________ is not influenced by external pressures or constraints.
a) freely
b) habitually
c) unknowingly
d) reflexively
a) freely
- __________ actions are often repeated and can become automatic over time.
a) Willful
b) Habitual
c) Random
d) Emotional
b) habitual
- The ability to reflect on one’s actions and make informed choices is a sign of __________.
a) ignorance
b) knowledge
c) impulse
d) emotion
b) knowledge
- An action that is done with a clear understanding of its consequences is __________.
a) willfully done
b) accidentally done
c) reflexively done
d) unknowingly done
a) willfully done
- __________ refers to the moral responsibility that comes with making choices.
a) Freedom
b) Knowledge
c) Accountability
d) Emotion
c) accountability
- A __________ act is one that is performed with a conscious decision and intent.
a) random
b) willful
c) habitual
d) reflexive
b) willful
- The absence of __________ can lead to unintentional wrongdoing.
a) knowledge
b) freedom
c) willfulness
d) emotion
a) knowledge
- An action that is done out of habit rather than conscious choice is __________.
a) willfully done
b) freely done
c) habitually done
d) knowingly done
c) habitually done
- The concept of __________ emphasizes the importance of making choices based on reason.
a) impulse
b) emotion
c) knowledge
d) freedom
c) knowledge
- A person who acts __________ is aware of their moral obligations and responsibilities.
a) reflexively
b) habitually
c) knowingly
d) randomly
c) knowingly
- The ability to choose between different options is a fundamental aspect of __________.
a) ignorance
b) freedom
c) habit
d) emotion
b) freedom
- An action that is performed without any thought or awareness is __________. a) willfully done
b) reflexively done
c) freely done
d) knowingly done
b) relexively done
- The __________ of an action can significantly impact its ethical evaluation.
a) context
b) emotion
c) habit
d) impulse
a) context
- A __________ act is one that is done with full awareness and intention. a) random
b) willful
c) habitual
d) reflexive
b) willful
ECISHT – right or wrong questions in human conduct
Ethics
RLAOM SNASADDRT
– norms and values of what is morally right or wrong
Moral standards
NOLRONAM DDASRSANT – judging what is good or not in non-moral way
Non-moral standards
ALMRO LDMEIMA – conflicts between moral requirements
Moral dilemma
IMALMDE – situations with difficult choices
Dilemma
SLRNOPEA MDMIELA – experienced individually
- eg. choosing between comflicting promises/ decising whether to prioritize a mother’s or chlid’s life during childbirth
Personal dilemma
OOANZNLAIGRAIT EMIMALD – org. business
- eg. healthcare instituitions decision to withdraw life support/ bsiness choice between profit and ethical practices
Organizational dilemma
OILCSA GTIOINIONNCD OTERYH – moral behavior is learned within a society
Social conditioning theory
UTERCLU – group’s shraed practices
Culture
RSUTLTCRAU MLAEDIM – broader societal issues & institution
- eg. high cost of medicine in Philippines that influences cost, competition, goverment regulations and patents
Structural dilemma
ALCISO NIOVTSNEOCN – agreed-upon rules moral standard
Social conventions
CEIETBVJO YATIMORL – objective, exist independently
Objective morality
RLUAUCLT TAVIMELIRS – no objective truth in morality, it varies within a culture
Cultural relativism
IAHY - feeling of lowliness, shame or embarrassment, and inhibition of shyness
hiya
AKMAIKASIP - having and maintining good public relation
pakikisama
ATGNU NA OOBL - high degree of sensitivity that makes a person intolerant to criticism and causes him to have an easily wounded pride
utang na loob
IHSPTAYTLOI - innate ability and trait of Filipinos to be courteous and entertaining to their guest
hospility
TEPESCR RFO ELDSER - Filipinos are not only respectful to elders, but also have unique ways of expressing this respect
respect for elders
HANMU TASC – deliberate a. voluntary acts
Human acts
IWHS - desire for something, regardless of attainability
wish
INNNTOIET - will to achieve something
intention
TNCESNO - acceptance of the means to achieve an intention
consent
CNLTEOEI - section of effective means to achieve an intention
election
SEU - activating the chosen means
use
TIFRUNOI - enjoyment of the achieved goal
fruition
SATC FO NAM – instinctive a. not within control
Acts of man
IVINECBL AOIGRNECN – easy to overcome through reasonable effort
Vincible ignorance
EATFEDCF INGROECAN - deliberately maintained to avoid responsibility
- refusing to acknowledge something
affected ignorance
ELCNVIBIIN CNRAGENOI – cannot be easily rectified due to lack of awareness
Invincible ignorance
AISPSNO- desire for un/desirable things
passion
THISAB - lasting tendencies due to repeated acts
habits
IHLECTA TVEJIMISBUSC - moral truths are subjective, depends on the speacker’s feeling/attitude
ethical subjectivism
ISMMVOITE - improved version of Ethical Subjectivism express emotions, not factual proposition
emotivism
IPRTAMILIAYT - principle of treating all fairly
impartiality
INSTINCTIVE ACTS, DELIBERATE ACTS
Not within our control, voluntary done
WILLFULLY DONE OR NOT WILLFULLY DONE
Willfully done:
* A person intentionally steals a car.
* A person knowingly spreads false information to harm someone’s reputation.
* A person deliberately breaks a contract.
Not willfully done:
* A person accidentally bumps into someone on a crowded street.
* A person forgets to pay a bill due to negligence.
* A person acts under duress or coercion, forcing them to do something against their will.
MORAL COURAGE OR LACK OF MORAL COURAGE
Acting even difficult, avoiding right actions
TIPS TO DEVELOP MORAL COURAGE
- Develop and practice self-discipline
- Do mental strength training
- Draw inspiration from people of great courage
- repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage and will
- avoid deeds that show lack of moral courage and will
7 STEPS OF MORAL REASONING
- Gather the facts
- Determine the ethical issues
- Determine what virtues and principle have a bearing on the case
- List the alternatives
- Compare the alternatives with the virtues / principles
- Consider the consequences
- Make decisions
6 STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
- Obedience and punishment orientation
- Individualism and exchange
- Good interpersonal relationships
- Maintaining the social order
- Social contract and individual rights
- Universal rights
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL STANDARDS
- Deal with serious matter that can harm or benefit
- Not established by authority figures, but based on reason
- Override other considerations, ensuring fairness and justice
- Associated with specific emotions and vocabulary
4 IMPORTANCE OF RULES
- Protecting individuals from harm
- Guaranteeing rights and freedoms
- Promoting a sense of justice
- Ensuring a healthy economic system
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLLING EMOTIONS
- Pause and assess
- Avoid relying solely on gut feeling
- Write down thoughts
- Narrow options
- Seek inputs
- Avoid burnout
