CCNA 1 - Finals Flashcards
1
Q
: Responsible for end-to-end data exchange between devices.
A
Network Layer
2
Q
: Core protocol of the network layer (IPv4 and IPv6).
A
IP (Internet Protocol)
3
Q
: Wrapping data within IP headers by examining layer 3 (no impact on layer 4)
A
Encapsulation
4
Q
: Determining the best path for data delivery.
A
Routing
5
Q
: Removing IP headers.
A
De-encapsulation
6
Q
: Maximum size of data that can be transmitted in a single frame.
A
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)
7
Q
: Dividing large packets into smaller units. (layer 3)
A
Fragmentation
8
Q
: Is the primary communication protocol for the network layer.
A
IPv4
9
Q
The network header has many purposes:
A
- *It ensures the packet is sent in the correct direction (to the destination).
- *It contains information for network layer processing in various fields.
- *The information in the header is used by all layer 3 devices that handle the packet
10
Q
: Translates private IP addresses to public ones.
A
NAT (Network Address Translation)
11
Q
: Next-generation IP protocol with improved features and larger address space.
A
IPv6
12
Q
: Contains information about network destinations and paths to reach them.
A
Routing Table
13
Q
: The router that handles traffic destined for networks outside the local network.
A
Default Gateway
14
Q
: Manually configured routes.
A
Static Routing
15
Q
: Automatically discovers and maintains routing information.
A
Dynamic Routing
16
Q
A host can send packets to the following:
A
- Itself – 127.0.0.1 (IPv4), ::1 (IPv6)
- Local Hosts – destination is on the same LAN
- Remote Hosts – devices are not on the same LAN
17
Q
– Source uses its own IP address and Subnet mask, along with the destination IP address
A
IPv4
18
Q
– Source uses the network address and prefix advertised by the local router
A
IPv6
19
Q
is dumped out the host interface to be handled by an intermediary device.
A
Local traffic
20
Q
is forwarded directly to the default gateway on the LAN.
A
Remote traffic
21
Q
There three types of routes in a router’s routing table:
A
Directly Connected – These routes are automatically added by the router, provided the interface is active and has addressing.
Remote – These are the routes the router does not have a direct connection and may be learned:
* Manually – with a static route
* Dynamically – by using a routing protocol to have the routers share their information with each other
Default Route – this forwards all traffic to a specific direction when there is not a match in the routing table
22
Q
MAC vs IP Address
A
- MAC Address: Unique physical address of a network interface card (NIC). Layer 2
- -Used for NIC to NIC communications on the same Ethernet network.
- IP Address: Logical address used to identify devices on a network. Layer 3
- -Used to send the packet from the source device to the destination device.
23
Q
is used by IPv6 to associate the IPv6 address of a device with the MAC address of the device NIC.
A
ICMPv6
24
Q
: Used by IPv4 to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
A
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
25
The command displays the ARP table on a Cisco router.
**show ip arp**
26
The command displays the ARP table on a Windows 10 PC.
**arp –a**
27
: Attack where an attacker sends false ARP messages to redirect network traffic.
**ARP Spoofing**
28
: A network device that forwards data packets between different networks.
**Router**
29
: A point of connection between the router and the network.
**Interface**
30
: The router interface that handles traffic destined for networks outside the local network.
-used when a host sends a packet to a device on another network.
**Default Gateway**
31
used to store the router's configuration.
**NVRAM: Non-Volatile Random Access Memory**
32
: Contains information about network destinations and the paths to reach them.
**IP Routing Table**
33
**Description, no shutdown, show ip int brief, show ip route, show int, show ip int**
**description command**: add infos about the network connedted to the interface
**No shutdown command**: activates the interface
**Show ip int brief (ip/ipv6)**: displays all interfaces, their IP addresses, and their current status.
**Show ip route**: displays the contents of the IP routing tables stored in RAM
**Show interface**: displays statistics for all interfaces on the device. Only displays the IPv6 addressing infos.
**Show ip interface**: displays the IPv4 statistics for all interfaces on a router
34
: A 32-bit address used to identify devices on an IP network.
**IPv4 Address**
35
: Determines the network and host portions of an IPv4 address.
**Subnet Mask**
36
: A concise way to represent the subnet mask.
**Prefix Length**
37
: Transmission to a single destination IP address.
**Unicast**
38
: Transmission to all devices on a network.
**Broadcast**
39
: Transmission to a specific group of devices.
**Multicast**
40
: Globally routable address assigned by an ISP.
**Public IP Address**
41
: Non-routable address used within a private network.
-are common blocks of addresses used by most organizations to assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts
-are not unique and can be used internally within any network.
**Private IP Address**
42
: Translates private IP addresses to public ones.
**NAT (Network Address Translation)**
43
: 127.0.0.1, used for testing local TCP/IP connectivity.
**Loopback Address**
44
:0 Self-assigned address used when DHCP is unavailable.
**Link-Local Address**
45
: A network segment where broadcast traffic is propagated.
**Broadcast Domain**
46
: Dividing a network into smaller subnetworks.
**Subnetting**
47
: Using different subnet masks within a single network to optimize address utilization.
**VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)**
48
: A company's internal network.
**Intranet**
49
: A network segment that hosts public-facing servers.
**DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)**
50
, automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
**DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol**
51
Device Address Assignment
**End user clients** – Most use DHCP to reduce errors and burden on network support staff. IPv6 clients can obtain address information using DHCPv6 or Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC).
**Servers and peripherals** – These should have a predictable static IP address.
**Servers that are accessible from the internet** – Servers must have a public IPv4 address, most often accessed using NAT.
**Intermediary devices** – Devices are assigned addresses for network management, monitoring, and security.
**Gateway** – Routers and firewall devices are gateway for the hosts in that network
52
: The next-generation Internet Protocol with a larger address space.
**IPv6**
53
: Running both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols simultaneously.
**Dual Stack**
54
: Encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets.
**Tunneling**
55
: Translates between IPv6 and IPv4.
**NAT64 (Network Address Translation 64)**
56
: A 16-bit segment of an IPv6 address.
**Hextet**
57
: Transmission to a single destination.
**Unicast**
58
: Transmission to a group of destinations.
**Multicast**
59
: Transmission to the nearest device with a specific address.
**Anycast**
60
can replace any single contiguous string of one or more 16-bit hextets consisting of all zeros. [can only be used once within an address]
**double colon (::)**
61
: A globally routable IPv6 address.
**Global Unicast Address (GUA)**
62
: An IPv6 address used for communication within a local link.
**Link-Local Address (LLA)**
63
: Allows devices to automatically obtain IPv6 addresses.
**SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration)**
64
: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6.
**DHCPv6**
65
: A process for generating an **interface ID** from a MAC address.
-16 bit value of fffe
-7th bit of the client MAC address is reversed from binary 0 to 1
**EUI-64 (Extented Unique Identifier - 64)**
66
: ICMPv6 message sent by hosts to discover routers.
**Router Solicitation (RS)**
67
: ICMPv6 message sent by routers to provide network information.
**Router Advertisement (RA)**
68
: A multicast address used to deliver packets to a specific device.
**Solicited-Node Multicast Address**
69
: A portion of the IPv6 address that identifies a specific subnet.
**Subnet ID**
70
**There are two common IPv6 Assigned multicast groups:**
* **ff02::1 All-nodes multicast group** - This is a multicast group that all IPv6-enabled devices join. A packet sent to this group is received and processed by all IPv6 interfaces on the link or network.
* **ff02::2 All-routers multicast group** - This is a multicast group that all IPv6 routers join. A router becomes a member of this group when it is enabled as an IPv6 router with the ipv6 unicast-routing global configuration command
71
: is similar to the all-nodes multicast address.
-is mapped to a special Ethernet multicast address.
**Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast**
72
: Used to provide feedback on IP packet processing.
**ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)**
73
is the messaging protocol for IPv4. ICMPv6 is the messaging protocol for IPv6 and includes additional functionality.
**ICMPv4**
74
: ICMP message indicating that the packet's TTL has expired.
**Time Exceeded**
75
: ICMPv6 protocol for address resolution router discovery
**Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)**
76
: ICMPv6 message sent by hosts to discover routers.
**Router Solicitation (RS)**
77
: Allows hosts to automatically obtain IPv6 addresses.
**Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)**
78
: A process to ensure that an IPv6 address is unique on the network.
**Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)**
79
: ICMPv6 message used to respond to Neighbor Solicitation messages.
**Neighbor Advertisement (NA)**
80
: Uses ICMP Echo Request/Reply to test connectivity.
**Ping**
81
: Tests the path between two hosts by incrementally increasing the TTL.
**Traceroute**
82
: Responsible for end-to-end communication between applications.
**Transport Layer**
83
: Reliable, connection-oriented protocol.
**TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)**
84
: A unique identifier assigned to an application process on a host.
**Port Number**
85
: A combination of an IP address and a port number used to uniquely identify a communication endpoint.
**Socket**
86
: Dividing data into smaller units (segments).
**Segmentation**
87
: Interleaving multiple conversations on the same network.
**Multiplexing**
88
**Connection-oriented vs Connectionless**
**Connection-Oriented**: Requires a connection establishment before data transmission.
**Connectionless**: No connection establishment required.
89
: Regulates the rate of data transmission to prevent overloading the receiver.
**Flow Control**
90
: Process of establishing a TCP connection.
**Three-Way Handshake**
91
: Maximum amount of data that can be transmitted in a single TCP segment.
**Maximum Segment Size (MSS)**
92
: A unit of data transmitted over a network using UDP.
**Datagram**
93
: A connectionless unreliable protocol suitable for applications that prioritize speed and low overhead.
**UDP**
94
: A reliable connection-oriented protocol with features like flow control
**TCP**
95
The six control bit flags are as follows:
* **URG** - Urgent pointer field significant
* **ACK** - Acknowledgment flag used in connection establishment and session termination
* **PSH** - Push function
* **RST** - Reset the connection when an error or timeout occurs
* **SYN** - Synchronize sequence numbers used in connection establishment
* **FIN** - No more data from sender and used in session termination
96
: The top layer of the OSI model responsible for user interactions.
- provides the interface between the applications used to communicate, and the underlying network over which messages are transmitted
**Application Layer**
97
: A model where clients request services from servers.
**Client-Server Model**
98
: A network where devices can act as both clients and servers.
**Peer-to-Peer (P2P)**
99
: Used for transferring web pages.
- is a request/response protocol that specifies the message types used for that communication.
**HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)**
100
The three common message types
* **GET** - This is a client request for data. A client (web browser) sends the GET message to the web server to request HTML pages.
* **POST** - This uploads data files to the web server, such as form data.
* **PUT** - This uploads resources or content to the web server, such as an image.
101
: Encrypted version of HTTP.
**HTTPS (HTTP Secure)**
102
is a store-and-forward method of sending, storing, and retrieving electronic messages across a network.
storing
103
are stored in databases on mail servers.
**Email messages**
104
communicate with mail servers to send and receive email.
**Email clients**
105
: Used for sending email.
- The destination email server may not be online or may be busy. If so, SMTP spools messages to be sent at a later time.
**SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)**
106
: Used for receiving email deletes messages from the server.
- is used by an application to retrieve mail from a mail server. When mail is downloaded from the server to the client using POP the messages are then deleted on the server.
**POP (Post Office Protocol)**
107
: Used for receiving email, messages remain on the server.
- is another protocol that describes a method to retrieve email messages.
- Unlike POP, when a user connects to an IMAP server, copies of the messages are downloaded to the client application. The original messages are kept on the server until manually deleted.
- When a user decides to delete a message, the server synchronizes that action and deletes the message from the server.
**IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)**
108
: Translates domain names into IP addresses.
stores different types of resource records that are used to resolve names. These records contain the name, address, and type of record.
**DNS (Domain Name Service)**
109
Some of these record types are as follows:
* **A** - An end device IPv4 address
* **NS** - An authoritative name server
* **AAAA** - An end device IPv6 address (pronounced quad-A)
* **MX** - A mail exchange record
Examples of top-level domains:
o.com - a business or industry
o.org - a non-profit organization
o.au – Australia
110
is a computer operating system utility that allows a user to manually query the DNS servers configured on the device to resolve a given host name.
**Nslookup**
111
: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
- is considered dynamic addressing compared to static addressing. Static addressing is manually entering IP address information.
**DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)**
112
: Used for transferring files between a client and a server.
**FTP (File Transfer Protocol)**
113
is an application which runs on a computer that is being used to push and pull data from an FTP server.
**FTP client**
114
: A client/server protocol for file and printer sharing.
**SMB (Server Message Block)**
