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2nd Year - 1st Semester > CCNA 1 - Finals > Flashcards

CCNA 1 - Finals Flashcards

1
Q

: Responsible for end-to-end data exchange between devices.

A

Network Layer

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2
Q

: Core protocol of the network layer (IPv4 and IPv6).

A

IP (Internet Protocol)

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3
Q

: Wrapping data within IP headers by examining layer 3 (no impact on layer 4)

A

Encapsulation

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4
Q

: Determining the best path for data delivery.

A

Routing

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5
Q

: Removing IP headers.

A

De-encapsulation

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6
Q

: Maximum size of data that can be transmitted in a single frame.

A

MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)

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7
Q

: Dividing large packets into smaller units. (layer 3)

A

Fragmentation

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8
Q

: Is the primary communication protocol for the network layer.

A

IPv4

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9
Q

The network header has many purposes:

A
  • *It ensures the packet is sent in the correct direction (to the destination).
  • *It contains information for network layer processing in various fields.
  • *The information in the header is used by all layer 3 devices that handle the packet
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10
Q

: Translates private IP addresses to public ones.

A

NAT (Network Address Translation)

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11
Q

: Next-generation IP protocol with improved features and larger address space.

A

IPv6

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12
Q

: Contains information about network destinations and paths to reach them.

A

Routing Table

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13
Q

: The router that handles traffic destined for networks outside the local network.

A

Default Gateway

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14
Q

: Manually configured routes.

A

Static Routing

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15
Q

: Automatically discovers and maintains routing information.

A

Dynamic Routing

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16
Q

A host can send packets to the following:

A
  • Itself – 127.0.0.1 (IPv4), ::1 (IPv6)
  • Local Hosts – destination is on the same LAN
  • Remote Hosts – devices are not on the same LAN
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17
Q

– Source uses its own IP address and Subnet mask, along with the destination IP address

A

IPv4

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18
Q

– Source uses the network address and prefix advertised by the local router

A

IPv6

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19
Q

is dumped out the host interface to be handled by an intermediary device.

A

Local traffic

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20
Q

is forwarded directly to the default gateway on the LAN.

A

Remote traffic

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21
Q

There three types of routes in a router’s routing table:

A

Directly Connected – These routes are automatically added by the router, provided the interface is active and has addressing.

Remote – These are the routes the router does not have a direct connection and may be learned:
* Manually – with a static route
* Dynamically – by using a routing protocol to have the routers share their information with each other

Default Route – this forwards all traffic to a specific direction when there is not a match in the routing table

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22
Q

MAC vs IP Address

A
  • MAC Address: Unique physical address of a network interface card (NIC). Layer 2
  • -Used for NIC to NIC communications on the same Ethernet network.
  • IP Address: Logical address used to identify devices on a network. Layer 3
  • -Used to send the packet from the source device to the destination device.
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23
Q

is used by IPv6 to associate the IPv6 address of a device with the MAC address of the device NIC.

A

ICMPv6

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24
Q

: Used by IPv4 to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.

A

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

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25
Q

The command displays the ARP table on a Cisco router.

A

show ip arp

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26
Q

The command displays the ARP table on a Windows 10 PC.

A

arp –a

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27
Q

: Attack where an attacker sends false ARP messages to redirect network traffic.

A

ARP Spoofing

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28
Q

: A network device that forwards data packets between different networks.

A

Router

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29
Q

: A point of connection between the router and the network.

A

Interface

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30
Q

: The router interface that handles traffic destined for networks outside the local network.
-used when a host sends a packet to a device on another network.

A

Default Gateway

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31
Q

used to store the router’s configuration.

A

NVRAM: Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

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32
Q

: Contains information about network destinations and the paths to reach them.

A

IP Routing Table

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33
Q

Description, no shutdown, show ip int brief, show ip route, show int, show ip int

A

description command: add infos about the network connedted to the interface
No shutdown command: activates the interface
Show ip int brief (ip/ipv6): displays all interfaces, their IP addresses, and their current status.
Show ip route: displays the contents of the IP routing tables stored in RAM
Show interface: displays statistics for all interfaces on the device. Only displays the IPv6 addressing infos.
Show ip interface: displays the IPv4 statistics for all interfaces on a router

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34
Q

: A 32-bit address used to identify devices on an IP network.

A

IPv4 Address

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35
Q

: Determines the network and host portions of an IPv4 address.

A

Subnet Mask

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36
Q

: A concise way to represent the subnet mask.

A

Prefix Length

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37
Q

: Transmission to a single destination IP address.

A

Unicast

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38
Q

: Transmission to all devices on a network.

A

Broadcast

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39
Q

: Transmission to a specific group of devices.

A

Multicast

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40
Q

: Globally routable address assigned by an ISP.

A

Public IP Address

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41
Q

: Non-routable address used within a private network.
-are common blocks of addresses used by most organizations to assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts
-are not unique and can be used internally within any network.

A

Private IP Address

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42
Q

: Translates private IP addresses to public ones.

A

NAT (Network Address Translation)

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43
Q

: 127.0.0.1, used for testing local TCP/IP connectivity.

A

Loopback Address

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44
Q

:0 Self-assigned address used when DHCP is unavailable.

A

Link-Local Address

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45
Q

: A network segment where broadcast traffic is propagated.

A

Broadcast Domain

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46
Q

: Dividing a network into smaller subnetworks.

A

Subnetting

47
Q

: Using different subnet masks within a single network to optimize address utilization.

A

VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)

48
Q

: A company’s internal network.

49
Q

: A network segment that hosts public-facing servers.

A

DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)

50
Q

, automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.

A

DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

51
Q

Device Address Assignment

A

End user clients – Most use DHCP to reduce errors and burden on network support staff. IPv6 clients can obtain address information using DHCPv6 or Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC).
Servers and peripherals – These should have a predictable static IP address.
Servers that are accessible from the internet – Servers must have a public IPv4 address, most often accessed using NAT.
Intermediary devices – Devices are assigned addresses for network management, monitoring, and security.
Gateway – Routers and firewall devices are gateway for the hosts in that network

52
Q

: The next-generation Internet Protocol with a larger address space.

53
Q

: Running both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols simultaneously.

A

Dual Stack

54
Q

: Encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets.

55
Q

: Translates between IPv6 and IPv4.

A

NAT64 (Network Address Translation 64)

56
Q

: A 16-bit segment of an IPv6 address.

57
Q

: Transmission to a single destination.

58
Q

: Transmission to a group of destinations.

59
Q

: Transmission to the nearest device with a specific address.

60
Q

can replace any single contiguous string of one or more 16-bit hextets consisting of all zeros. [can only be used once within an address]

A

double colon (::)

61
Q

: A globally routable IPv6 address.

A

Global Unicast Address (GUA)

62
Q

: An IPv6 address used for communication within a local link.

A

Link-Local Address (LLA)

63
Q

: Allows devices to automatically obtain IPv6 addresses.

A

SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration)

64
Q

: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6.

65
Q

: A process for generating an interface ID from a MAC address.
-16 bit value of fffe
-7th bit of the client MAC address is reversed from binary 0 to 1

A

EUI-64 (Extented Unique Identifier - 64)

66
Q

: ICMPv6 message sent by hosts to discover routers.

A

Router Solicitation (RS)

67
Q

: ICMPv6 message sent by routers to provide network information.

A

Router Advertisement (RA)

68
Q

: A multicast address used to deliver packets to a specific device.

A

Solicited-Node Multicast Address

69
Q

: A portion of the IPv6 address that identifies a specific subnet.

70
Q

There are two common IPv6 Assigned multicast groups:

A
  • ff02::1 All-nodes multicast group - This is a multicast group that all IPv6-enabled devices join. A packet sent to this group is received and processed by all IPv6 interfaces on the link or network.
  • ff02::2 All-routers multicast group - This is a multicast group that all IPv6 routers join. A router becomes a member of this group when it is enabled as an IPv6 router with the ipv6 unicast-routing global configuration command
71
Q

: is similar to the all-nodes multicast address.
-is mapped to a special Ethernet multicast address.

A

Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast

72
Q

: Used to provide feedback on IP packet processing.

A

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

73
Q

is the messaging protocol for IPv4. ICMPv6 is the messaging protocol for IPv6 and includes additional functionality.

74
Q

: ICMP message indicating that the packet’s TTL has expired.

A

Time Exceeded

75
Q

: ICMPv6 protocol for address resolution router discovery

A

Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)

76
Q

: ICMPv6 message sent by hosts to discover routers.

A

Router Solicitation (RS)

77
Q

: Allows hosts to automatically obtain IPv6 addresses.

A

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)

78
Q

: A process to ensure that an IPv6 address is unique on the network.

A

Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)

79
Q

: ICMPv6 message used to respond to Neighbor Solicitation messages.

A

Neighbor Advertisement (NA)

80
Q

: Uses ICMP Echo Request/Reply to test connectivity.

81
Q

: Tests the path between two hosts by incrementally increasing the TTL.

A

Traceroute

82
Q

: Responsible for end-to-end communication between applications.

A

Transport Layer

83
Q

: Reliable, connection-oriented protocol.

A

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

84
Q

: A unique identifier assigned to an application process on a host.

A

Port Number

85
Q

: A combination of an IP address and a port number used to uniquely identify a communication endpoint.

86
Q

: Dividing data into smaller units (segments).

A

Segmentation

87
Q

: Interleaving multiple conversations on the same network.

A

Multiplexing

88
Q

Connection-oriented vs Connectionless

A

Connection-Oriented: Requires a connection establishment before data transmission.
Connectionless: No connection establishment required.

89
Q

: Regulates the rate of data transmission to prevent overloading the receiver.

A

Flow Control

90
Q

: Process of establishing a TCP connection.

A

Three-Way Handshake

91
Q

: Maximum amount of data that can be transmitted in a single TCP segment.

A

Maximum Segment Size (MSS)

92
Q

: A unit of data transmitted over a network using UDP.

93
Q

: A connectionless unreliable protocol suitable for applications that prioritize speed and low overhead.

94
Q

: A reliable connection-oriented protocol with features like flow control

95
Q

The six control bit flags are as follows:

A
  • URG- Urgent pointer field significant
  • ACK- Acknowledgment flag used in connection establishment and session termination
  • PSH- Push function
  • RST- Reset the connection when an error or timeout occurs
  • SYN- Synchronize sequence numbers used in connection establishment
  • FIN- No more data from sender and used in session termination
96
Q

: The top layer of the OSI model responsible for user interactions.
- provides the interface between the applications used to communicate, and the underlying network over which messages are transmitted

A

Application Layer

97
Q

: A model where clients request services from servers.

A

Client-Server Model

98
Q

: A network where devices can act as both clients and servers.

A

Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

99
Q

: Used for transferring web pages.
- is a request/response protocol that specifies the message types used for that communication.

A

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

100
Q

The three common message types

A
  • GET - This is a client request for data. A client (web browser) sends the GET message to the web server to request HTML pages.
  • POST - This uploads data files to the web server, such as form data.
  • PUT - This uploads resources or content to the web server, such as an image.
101
Q

: Encrypted version of HTTP.

A

HTTPS (HTTP Secure)

102
Q

is a store-and-forward method of sending, storing, and retrieving electronic messages across a network.

103
Q

are stored in databases on mail servers.

A

Email messages

104
Q

communicate with mail servers to send and receive email.

A

Email clients

105
Q

: Used for sending email.
- The destination email server may not be online or may be busy. If so, SMTP spools messages to be sent at a later time.

A

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

106
Q

: Used for receiving email deletes messages from the server.
- is used by an application to retrieve mail from a mail server. When mail is downloaded from the server to the client using POP the messages are then deleted on the server.

A

POP (Post Office Protocol)

107
Q

: Used for receiving email, messages remain on the server.
- is another protocol that describes a method to retrieve email messages.
- Unlike POP, when a user connects to an IMAP server, copies of the messages are downloaded to the client application. The original messages are kept on the server until manually deleted.
- When a user decides to delete a message, the server synchronizes that action and deletes the message from the server.

A

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

108
Q

: Translates domain names into IP addresses.
stores different types of resource records that are used to resolve names. These records contain the name, address, and type of record.

A

DNS (Domain Name Service)

109
Q

Some of these record types are as follows:

A
  • A-An end device IPv4 address
  • NS- An authoritative name server
  • AAAA- An end device IPv6 address (pronounced quad-A)
  • MX- A mail exchange record
    Examples of top-level domains:
    o.com - a business or industry
    o.org - a non-profit organization
    o.au – Australia
110
Q

is a computer operating system utility that allows a user to manually query the DNS servers configured on the device to resolve a given host name.

111
Q

: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
- is considered dynamic addressing compared to static addressing. Static addressing is manually entering IP address information.

A

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

112
Q

: Used for transferring files between a client and a server.

A

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

113
Q

is an application which runs on a computer that is being used to push and pull data from an FTP server.

A

FTP client

114
Q

: A client/server protocol for file and printer sharing.

A

SMB (Server Message Block)

2nd Year - 1st Semester (28 decks)

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