CCNA 1 - Module 3 & 4 Flashcards
is the process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission.
Encoding
o reverses this process to interpret the information.
Decoding
o depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message
Message formats
o – Manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered.
Flow Control
o – Manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination
Response Timeout
o - Determines when someone can send a message
Access method
o – one to one communication
Unicast
o – one to many, not all
Multicast
o – one to all
Broadcast
- – enable two or more devices to communicate over one or more networks
Network Communications
- – secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption
Network Security
- – enable routers to exchange route information, compare path information, and select best path
Routing
- – used for the automatic detection of devices or services
Service Discovery
- – Identifies sender and receiver
Addressing
- – Provides guaranteed delivery
Reliability
- – Ensures data flows at an efficient rate
Flow Control
- – Uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data
Sequencing
- – Determines if data became corrupted during transmission
Error Detection
- – Process-to-process communications between network applications
Application Interface
- o Governs the way a web server and a web client interact
o Defines content and format
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- o Manages the individual conversations
o Provides guaranteed delivery
o Manages flow control
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- o Delivers messages globally from the sender to the receiver
Internet Protocol (IP)
- o Delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN)
Ethernet
- – The most common protocol suite and maintainedby the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Internet Protocol Suite or TCP/IP
- – Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols
- Proprietary suite release by Apple Inc.
AppleTalk
- Proprietary suite developed by Novell Inc.
Novell NetWare
is the protocol suite used by the internet and includes many protocols.
TCP/IP
- – Promotes the open development and evolution of nternet
Internet Society (ISOC)
- – Responsible for management and development of internet standards
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
- – Develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- – Focused on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
- – dedicated to creating standards in power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced “I-triple-E”)
- – develops standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
- – develops communication standards in radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
- – defines standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL)
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
OSI MODEL LAYER
- 7 - Application – Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.
- 6 - Presentation – Provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.
- 5 - Session – Provides services to the presentation layer and to manage data exchange.
- 4 - Transport – Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications.
- 3 - Network – Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network.
- 2 - Data Link – Describes methods for exchanging data frames over a common media.
- 1 - Physical – Describes the means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections.
- – Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control.
Application
- – Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks.
Transport
- – Determines the best path through the network.
Internet
- – Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network
Network Access
BENEFITS OF SEGMENTING MESSAGES
- Increases speed - Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without tying up a communications link.
- Increases efficiency - Only segments which fail to reach the destination need to be retransmitted, not the entire data stream.
is the process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination.
Sequencing messages
is the process where protocols add their information to the data.
- Top down process
Encapsulation
- – Responsible for delivering the IP packet from original source to the final destination.
Network layer source and destination addresses
- – Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the same network.
Data link layer source and destination addresses
- The IP address of the sending device, original source of the packet.
Source IP address
- The IP address of the receiving device, final destination of the packet
Destination IP address
- o The left-most part of the address indicates the network group which the IP address is a member.
o Each LAN or WAN will have the same network portion.
Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)
- o The remaining part of the address identifies a specific device within the group.
Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)
- Transports bits across the network media
- Accepts a complete frame from the Data Link Layer and encodes it as a series of signals that are transmitted to the local media
- This is the last step in the encapsulation process.
- The next device in the path to the destination receives the bits and re-encapsulates the frame, then decides what to do with it.
The Physical Layer
- o converts the stream of bits into a format recognizable by the next device in the network path
o ex. Manchester, 4B/5B and 8B/10B
Encoding
o The ________ method is how the bit values, “1” and “0” are represented on the physical medium.
* it vary based on the type of medium being used
signaling
is the capacity at which a medium can carry data.
Bandwidth
- o Amount of time, including delays, for data to travel from one given point to another
Latency
- o The measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time
Throughput
- o The measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time
o Goodput = Throughput - traffic overhead
Goodput
is the most common type of cabling used in networks today. It is inexpensive, easy to install, and has low resistance to electrical current flow.
Copper cabling
COAXIAL CABLE USED IN:
- Wireless installations - attach antennas to wireless devices
- Cable internet installations - customer premises wiring
PROPERTIES OF UTP CABLING
-
Cancellation - Each wire in a pair of wires uses opposite polarity. One wire is negative, the other wire is positive. They are twisted together and the magnetic fields effectively cancel each other and outside EMI/RFI.
* Variation in twists per foot in each wire - Each wire is twisted a different amount, which helps prevent crosstalk amongst the wires in the cable.
DIFFERENTIATE STRAIGHT-THROUGH AND CROSSOVER ETHERNET
- straight-through - both ends T568A or T568B
- crossover - one end T568A, other end T568B
DIFFERENTIATE T568A AND T568B
- T568A - w-green > green > w-orange > blue > w-blue > orange > w-brown > brown
- T568B - w-orange > orange > w-green > blue > w-blue > green > w-brown > brown
- Used for backbone cabling applications and interconnecting infrastructure devices
Enterprise Networks
- Used to provide always-on broadband services to homes and small businesses
Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)
- Used by service providers to connect countries and cities
Long-Haul Networks
- Used to provide reliable high-speed, high-capacity solutions capable of surviving in harsh undersea environments at up to transoceanic distances
Submarine Cable Networks
- is primarily used as backbone cabling for high-traffic, point-to-point connections between data distribution facilities and for the interconnection of buildings in multi-building campuses.
Optical fiber
Some of the limitations of wireless:
- Coverage area - Effective coverage can be significantly impacted by the physical characteristics of the deployment location.
- Interference - Wireless is susceptible to interference and can be disrupted by many common devices.
- Security - Wireless communication coverage requires no access to a physical strand of media, so anyone can gain access to the transmission.
- Shared medium - WLANs operate in half-duplex, which means only one device can send or receive at a time. Many users accessing the WLAN simultaneously results in reduced bandwidth for each user.
Wireless Standards:
- Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) - Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology
- Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15) - Wireless Personal Area network (WPAN) standard
- WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) - Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide broadband wireless access
- Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) - Low data-rate, low power-consumption communications, primarily for Internet of Things (IoT) applications
- Concentrate wireless signals from users and connect to the existing copper-based network infrastructure
Wireless Access Point (AP)
- Provide wireless communications capability to network hosts
Wireless NIC Adapters
