Essential Nutrients Flashcards
Vitamin A has:
retinoids and carotenoids
Vitamin A is dosed in…
mg retinol activity equivalent (RAE)
Food sources for vitamin A:
- carrots
- broccoli
- cantaloupe
- squash
Function of vitamin A:
- growth
- development
- specific eye health
Deficiency of vitamin A leads to…
rashes and changes in vision
Precautions of vitamin A:
- bone fractures
- cancer (smokers)
- hypervitaminosis A
- teratogen
Vitamin D has two types:
- Cholecalciferol (D3)
- ergocalciferol (D2)
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency for vitamin D:
renal/hepatic dysfunction
Food source of vitamin D:
milk
Function of vitamin D in body:
bone/mineral homeostasis
Deficiency of vitamin D leads to…
loss of bone density
Precautions of vitamin D:
- anorexia
- kidney stones
- tissue calcification
Vitamin E is also known as…
tocopherol
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of vitamin E are…
very rare
1 mg of vitamin E = ______ IU
1.49
Food sources of vitamin E:
fruits and veggies
Function of vitamin E:
acts as antioxidants
Precaution of vitamin E:
increased risk of heart failure
Vitamin K is also known as…
phytonadione
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of vitamin K are…
- bowel resection
- chronic antibiotic treatment
Food sources of vitamin K:
veggies
Function of vitamin K:
helps w/ blood clotting and bone metabolism
Deficiency of vitamin K leads to…
unusual bleeding
Potential drug reaction between _____ and vitamin K
warfarin b/c it’s an anticoagulant, so it can limit the ability of vitamin K to clot the blood
Vitamin C is also known as…
ascorbic acid
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of vitamin C:
chronic inadequate intake
Dosage of vitamin C:
10 mg - 2 g (UL)
Food sources of vitamin C:
fruits and veggies
Function of vitamin C:
- collagen
- dentin formation
- aids in iron absorption
Deficiency of vitamin C leads to…
- scurvy
- weakness
- skin problems
Megadoses of vitamin C can cause…
- nausea
- diarrhea
- cramping
Vitamin B1 is also known as…
thiamine
Factors that increase the risk of vitamin B1:
- diet deficiency
- alcoholism
Food sources of vitamin B1:
- yeast
- pork/beef
- legumes
Function of vitamin B1:
generates E
Deficiency of vitamin B1 leads to…
increased output heart failure
T/F: there are no safety concerns for vitamin B1
T
Vitamin B2 is also known as…
riboflavin
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of vitamin B2:
dietary deficiency
T/F: GI tract can only absorb 30 mg in a dose of vitamin B2
F, can only absorb 20 mg
Food sources of vitamin B2:
milk and dairy
Function of B2:
- body growth
- RBC production
- helps release E from protein
Deficiency of vitamin B2 leads to…
skin/mouth lesions
Precautions of vitamin B2:
none known
Vitamin B3 is also known as…
niacin
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of vitamin B3:
- corn based diet
- alcoholism
Food sources of vitamin B3:
- beans
- milk
- meat
- eggs
Function of B3:
precursor to NAD and NADP
Deficiency of vitamin B3 leads to…
- pellagra
- loss of appetite
- general weakness
- rash
Precautions of vitamin B3:
- flushing
- rarely elevated LFTs
Vitamin B6 is also known as…
pyridoxine
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of vitamin B6:
some medications can decrease the levels of B6 (ex: isoniazid)
Food sources of vitamin B6:
- legumes
- nuts
Function of vitamin B6:
co-factor in amino acid metabolism
Deficiency of vitamin B6 leads to…
- peripheral neuropathy
- depression
- confusion
- seizures
Precautions of vitamin B6:
over 100 mg/dose can cause sensory neuropathy
Factors that increase the risk of deficiency of folate:
- dietary deficiency
- absorption disorder
- vegan diet
Food sources of folate:
- liver
- spinach
- greens
Function of folate:
coenzyme in purine/pyrimidine synthesis
Deficiency of folate leads to…
anemia
Dosage of folate:
250 micrograms daily
Nutrient deficiency causes…
- loss of senses
- lower absorption
Nutrient deficiency is caused by…
- inadequate diet intake
- anorexia
- nutrient poor foods
- medications that affect appetite
Patients take vitamins to…
- improve health status
- maintain overall health
Risks of vitamins:
- exceeding tolerable upper intake levels
- megadose: large doses, but can increase the risk of cancer
- risk of interactions
- individuals may replace medical screenings/care with vitamins
DRI stands for…
daily recommended intake
EAR stands for…
estimated average requirement
RDA stands for…
recommended daily allowance
AI stands for…
adequate intake
UL stands for…
upper intake level
DV stands for…
daily value
Examples of fat soluble vitamins:
ADKE
Fat soluble vitamins:
- absorbed in lymphatic system of small intestine
- stored in body tissue
- excess can be unsafe
- have to be more cautious than water soluble ones
Fat soluble vitamin deficiencies occur when…
fat intake is limited or absorption is compromised
Water soluble vitamins:
- not stored in the body
- excess excreted in urine
Vitamin A megadoses lead to…
- malformations for kids (teratogen)
- hypervitaminosis A
- increased risk of bone fractures
Vitamin E megadoses lead to…
higher risk of heart failure/stroke
Vitamin D megadoses lead to…
- anorexia
- hypercalcemia
- increased risk of certain types of cancer
Vitamin A, C, E, and selenium combination is not helpful in…
cancer prevention
- could actually increase the risk
Def of vitamins:
nutrients that can’t be synthesized in body in sufficient quantities and must be obtained through diet
Def of minerals:
inorganic elements essential for function of human body and are obtained through food
Def of trace elements:
elements required in minute quantities for physiological functioning (iodine)
Def of megadose:
- exceptionally high doses for greater than usual recommended dose
