Esophageal Cancer Flashcards
What is the 5 year survival rate for esophageal cancer?
20% (whites), 15% (blacks)
African americans are 50% higher risk than whites for esophageal cancer. True or false?
True
Esophageal cancer is how many times more prevalent in males?
3 times
What is the common age of occurrence for esophageal cancer?
55-85 yo
What are contributing factors to the occurrence of esophageal cancer in China, Iran, and South Africa?
Diet and Environment
What are contributing factors to the occurrence of esophageal cancer in North America and Western Europe?
Excessive tobacco and alcohol use
What are some other contributing factors to esophageal cancer?
cleaning product ingestion, low fruit and veggie diets, and drinking hot liquids
What is achalasia?
occurs when the lower 2/3 of the esophagus loses peristaltic activity. Esophagus dilates and sphincter constricts
What is the risk of esophageal cancer with having achalasia?
5-20%
What is Barrett’s esophagus?
squamous epithelium changes to columnar epithelium, typically caused by GE reflux.
What is metaplasia?
constant changing of mucosa
What histology is associated with barretts esophagus?
Adenocarcinoma
75% of esophageal cancer occurs in what portion of the esophagus?
Distal esophagus
What is Plummer Vinson syndrome?
Iron deficient anemia causes changes to the esophagus, such as webbing atrophic glottis
What histology is Plummer Vinson syndrome risk for?
small cell carcinoma
What is tylosis?
an inherited genetic disorder that is characterized as excessive growth of hands and feet
What percentage of individuals experiencing tylosis develop SCC?
40%
What are the prognostic factors of esophageal cancer?
Tumor size, Weight loss greater than 10%, Poor karnofsky, and pt over 65 yo
Histology or grade has prognostic importance in esophageal cancer. True or False?
False
What does an esophageal tumor size greater than 5 cm indicate?
Distant mets 75% of the time
How long is the esophagus?
25 cm long
Where is the esophagus located within the body?
Posterior to trachea and anterior to vertebral bodies
Where does the esophagus penetrate the diaphragm?
Esophageal hiatus
What is the measurement from the incisor to the cervical esophagus?
18 cm
What is the measurement from the incisor to the upper esophagus?
24 cm
What is the measurement from the incisor to the middle esophagus?
32 cm
What is the measurement from the incisor to the distal esophagus?
40 cm
What body landmarks signify the cervical esophagus?
Cricoid process to the thoracic inlet