ertay

Question 1

is a naturally occurring and coherent
aggregate of one or more minerals.

Answer 1

Rock

Question 2

is the breaking down or
dissolving of rocks and minerals on
Earths surface.

Answer 2

Weathering

Question 3

is the separation and removal of
weathered rocks due to different agents
like water, wind, and glacier that causes
transportation of the material to where
they are deposited

Answer 3

Erosion

Question 4

is solid material that is moved and
deposited in a new location. Sediment can
consist of rocks and minerals, as well as the
remains of plants and animals.

Answer 4

Sediment

Question 5

is the process in which the
weathered materials carried out by
erosion settle down in a particular
location.

Answer 5

Deposition

Question 6

are
important exogenic processes

Answer 6

Weathering, erosion, and deposition

Question 7

Processes occurring on the Earth’s
surface and that generally reduce relief.

Answer 7

Exogenic :

Question 8

is where rocks and minerals are
broken down by the elements of nature into
smaller pieces.

Answer 8

Weathering

Question 9

is the movement of
broken-down, weathered rock from place to
place,

Answer 9

Erosion

Question 10

means the laying down,
or depositing, of broken rock.

Answer 10

deposition

Question 11

There are two types of weathering:

Answer 11

physical/
mechanical weathering and chemical
weathering.

Question 12

the heat from accretion and bombardment of the
Earth during the early stages of formation.

Answer 12

Primordial heat -

Question 13

the heat generated by long term radioactive decay

Answer 13

. Radioactive heat -

Question 14

Earth was ______ when it was formed.

Answer 14

hot

Question 15

Earth is thought to have arisen from a cloud of gas and dust in space. Solid
particles, called ________ condensed out of the cloud

Answer 15

“planetesimals”

Question 16

The radioactive decay of elements is a

Answer 16

natural process.

Question 17

Radioactive decay of elements in the Earth’s mantle and crust results in production of
daughter isotopes and release of geoneutrinos and heat energy, or
_________

Answer 17

radiogenic heat.

Question 18

are responsible for the majority of radiogenic heat because of their enrichment
relative to other radioactive isotopes: uranium-238 (238U), uranium-235
(235U), thorium-232 (232Th), and potassium-40 (40K).

Answer 18

Four long-lived radioactive isotopes (large half-life)

Question 19

All radioactive decay produce heat, but only ____________________ will have made a continuing contribution to heat source
over geological time.

Answer 19

break-down of isotopes
with large half-life

Question 20

But the rate of travel of
waves from earthquakes – called _____________ – tells scientists a lot about
what materials make up the planet.

Answer 20

“seismic waves”

Question 21

while the heat energy
produced inside Earth is enormous, it is some
___________than what Earth
receives from the sun.

Answer 21

5,000 times less powerful

Question 22

Mechanisms that occur when boiling water:

Answer 22

i. There is a heat source at the bottom of the water.
ii. The heat rises to the top from the bottom, causing the surface water to
become hot. It radiates its heat into the air and then cools.
iii. The cooler water sinks into the space vacated by the ascending
warmer water. This cooler water starts to warm up, while the water that
rises starts to cool.
iv. The process continues, forming a top-to-bottom circulation of water.

Question 23

is the movement of the mantle as heat is
transferred from the core to the crust. The temperature of the mantle varies
depending whether it is near the crust or near the boundary of the core.

Answer 23

Mantle convection

Question 24

___________ drives most of the geological processes on Earth.
This measures the flow of thermal energy coming from the core, passing
through the mantle, and up to the atmosphere, which is mainly due to the
__________________

Answer 24

Earth’s heat budget, mantle convection.

Question 25

is the activity or the motion of the magma. Rocks that are
subjected to high temperature and pressure melt and become the magma.
Magma is a semi-liquid molten rock mixture that can be found in the lower
portion of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.

Answer 25

Magmatism

Question 26

The formation of intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks
came from the solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface.

Answer 26

Plutonism.

Question 27

is the process when magma is being brought up to the
surface through a volcano.

Answer 27

Volcanism

Question 28

is any opening in the Earth’s crust that
allows magma and gases to be released in the upper crust.

Answer 28

Volcano

Question 29

It is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

Answer 29

viscosity

Question 30

It is a process of creating one or more secondary magmas from single
parent magma.

Answer 30

Magmatic Differentiation Processes

Question 31

a chemical process by which the composition of a
liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization. Common
mechanism for crystal fractionation is crystal settling. This means that
denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while the lighter minerals
crystallize at the latter stages.

Answer 31

Crystal Fractionation –

Question 32

as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz and
muscovite are basically the most stable minerals at the Earth’s surface,
making them the first ones to melt from the parent rock once exposed in
higher temperature and/or pressure. Partial melting of an ultramafic rock
in the mantle produces a basaltic magma

Answer 32

Partial Melting -

Question 33

this may occur when two different magma rises up, with
the more buoyant mass overtakes the more slowly rising body.
Convective flow then mixes the two magmas, generating a single,
intermediate (between the two parent magmas) magma.

Answer 33

. Magma mixing –