Earth science

Question 1

is a naturally occurring solid
mixture of one or more minerals, or
organic matter

Answer 1

rock

Question 2

are classified by how they are
formed, their composition, and
texture

Answer 2

Rocks

Question 3

Rocks change over time through the

Answer 3

rock cycle

Question 4

Igneous rock begins as

Answer 4

magma.

Question 5

Magma can form:

Answer 5

• When rock is heated
• When pressure is released
• When rock changes composition

Question 6

• Magma freezes between

Answer 6

700 °C and 1,250 °C

Question 7

Magma is a mixture of

Answer 7

many minerals

Question 8

light colored rocks that are rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon,
and sodium

Answer 8

*Felsic:

Question 9

dark colored rocks that are rich in
calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon

Answer 9

Mafic:

Question 10

takes longer to cool, giving
mineral crystals more time to grow

Answer 10

*Coarse-grained:

Question 11

cools quickly with little to no
crystals

Answer 11

*Fine-grained:

Question 12

magma
pushes into surrounding rock
below the Earth’s surface

Answer 12

Intrusive Igneous Rocks:

Question 13

forms when
magma erupts onto the Earth’s
surface (lava), cools quickly with
very small or no crystals formed

Answer 13

Extrusive Rocks:

Question 14

is formed by erosion

Answer 14

Sedimentary rock

Question 15

are deposited in
layers, with the older ones
on the bottom

Answer 15

Sediments

Question 16

Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or

Answer 16

near the
Earth’s surface

Question 17

layers of rock

Answer 17

Strata –

Question 18

the process in
which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers

Answer 18

Stratification –

Question 19

made of fragments of rock cemented
together with calcite or quartz

Answer 19

Clastic –

Question 20

is a term most often used for clastic
sedimentary rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments

Answer 20

Breccia

Question 21

minerals
crystallize out of solution to become rock

Answer 21

Non- Clastic (Chemical sedimentary) –

Question 22

remains
of plants and animals

Answer 22

Non-clastic (Organic sedimentary) –

Question 23

is an organic sedimentary rock
that forms from the accumulation
and preservation of plant materials,
usually in a swamp environment.

Answer 23

Coal

Question 24

is a sedimentary rock
composed primarily of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3
) in the form of the
mineral calcite. It most commonly
forms in clear, warm, shallow marine
waters.

Answer 24

Limestone

Question 25

happens when rock is heated up by an intrusion of hot magma.

Answer 25

Contact Metamorphism –

Question 26

often called thermal metamorphism

Answer 26

Contact Metamorphism

Question 27

reactions driven primarily by ________________associated with the injection or extrusion of a magma or a lava

Answer 27

temperature at relatively low pressures

Question 28

is a fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism

Answer 28

Hornfels

Question 29

no discernible source of heat (no nearby magma chamber, for example) - with increasing depth the temperature and pressure increase.

Answer 29

Regional Metamorphism -

Question 30

contain aligned grains of flat minerals

Answer 30

Foliated

Question 31

is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains.

Answer 31

Gneiss

Question 32

mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands

Answer 32

Non-Foliated –

Question 33

is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone.

Answer 33

Marble

Question 34

they are not made by humans (they are formed by the earth).

Answer 34

naturally occuring

Question 35

they have never been alive and are not made of plants or animals.

Answer 35

inorganic

Question 36

they have never been alive and are not made of plants or animals.

Answer 36

Definite chemical composition/ specific chemical structure

Question 37

they have an ordered atomic arrangement. The chemical elements that make up each mineral are arranged in a particular way - this is why minerals “grow” as crystals.

Answer 37

Crystal shape/ crystal system

Question 38

are not always cube shaped! There are many that are shaped like octahedrons (eight faces), and some that are shaped like dodecahedrons (10 faces).

Answer 38

Cubic crystals

Question 39

are often shaped like rhombic prisms or dipyramids (two pyramids stuck together). They often look a bit like tetragonal crystals except that they are not square in cross section (when you look at the crystal on end).

Answer 39

Orthorhombic crystals

Question 40

are shaped like cubic crystals but are longer in one direction making shapes like double pyramids and prisms.

Answer 40

Tetragonal crystals

Question 41

often look like six-sided prisms. When you look at the crystal on end, it looks like a hexagon shape in cross section.

Answer 41

Hexagonal crystals

Question 42

look like tetragonal crystals that have been skewed. They often form prism shapes and double pyramids.

Answer 42

Monoclinic crystals

Question 43

are sometimes very strange shapes! They are usually not symmetrical from one side to the other.

Answer 43

Triclinic crystals

Question 44

Some minerals have ________ in them which can oxidize or rust when exposed to the weather.

Answer 44

metals

Question 45

Some minerals have metals in them which can oxidize or rust when exposed to the __________

Answer 45

weather.

Question 46

describes the way a mineral reflects light.

Answer 46

Luster

Question 47

is when a mineral breaks on a smooth, definite surface.

Answer 47

Cleavage

Question 48

is when a mineral breaks unevenly or with a rough break.

Answer 48

Fracture

Question 49

This characteristic relates to the mineral’s density.

Answer 49

gravity

Question 50

is useful in determining specific gravity

Answer 50

Water displacement

Question 51

split the light into two different rays which gives the illusion of double vision

Answer 51

Birefringent minerals

Question 52

Some minerals display what is called the phenomenon of __________. This basically means that they "glow" when exposed to UV light (black light). The mineral fluorite is often strongly fluorescent.

Answer 52

photoluminescence