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Piling larangan > Earth science > Flashcards

Earth science Flashcards

1
Q

is a naturally occurring solid
mixture of one or more minerals, or
organic matter

A

rock

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2
Q

are classified by how they are
formed, their composition, and
texture

A

Rocks

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3
Q

Rocks change over time through the

A

rock cycle

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4
Q

Igneous rock begins as

A

magma.

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5
Q

Magma can form:

A
  • When rock is heated
  • When pressure is released
  • When rock changes composition
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6
Q
  • Magma freezes between
A

700 °C and 1,250 °C

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7
Q

Magma is a mixture of

A

many minerals

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8
Q

light colored rocks that are rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon,
and sodium

A

*Felsic:

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9
Q

dark colored rocks that are rich in
calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon

A

Mafic:

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10
Q

takes longer to cool, giving
mineral crystals more time to grow

A

*Coarse-grained:

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11
Q

cools quickly with little to no
crystals

A

*Fine-grained:

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12
Q

magma
pushes into surrounding rock
below the Earth’s surface

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks:

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13
Q

forms when
magma erupts onto the Earth’s
surface (lava), cools quickly with
very small or no crystals formed

A

Extrusive Rocks:

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14
Q

is formed by erosion

A

Sedimentary rock

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15
Q

are deposited in
layers, with the older ones
on the bottom

A

Sediments

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16
Q

Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or

A

near the
Earth’s surface

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17
Q

layers of rock

A

Strata –

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18
Q

the process in
which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers

A

Stratification –

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19
Q

made of fragments of rock cemented
together with calcite or quartz

A

Clastic –

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20
Q

is a term most often used for clastic
sedimentary rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments

A

Breccia

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21
Q

minerals
crystallize out of solution to become rock

A

Non- Clastic (Chemical sedimentary) –

22
Q

remains
of plants and animals

A

Non-clastic (Organic sedimentary) –

23
Q

is an organic sedimentary rock
that forms from the accumulation
and preservation of plant materials,
usually in a swamp environment.

A

Coal

24
Q

is a sedimentary rock
composed primarily of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3
) in the form of the
mineral calcite. It most commonly
forms in clear, warm, shallow marine
waters.

A

Limestone

25
Q

happens when rock is heated up by an
intrusion of hot magma.

A

Contact Metamorphism –

26
Q

often called thermal
metamorphism

A

Contact Metamorphism

27
Q

reactions driven primarily by ________________associated with the injection or extrusion of a
magma or a lava

A

temperature at relatively low
pressures

28
Q

is a fine-grained
non-foliated
metamorphic rock
produced by contact
metamorphism

A

Hornfels

29
Q

no discernible source of
heat (no nearby magma
chamber, for example) -
with increasing depth
the temperature and
pressure increase.

A

Regional Metamorphism

-

30
Q

contain aligned grains of flat minerals

A

Foliated

31
Q

is foliated
metamorphic rock that has
a banded appearance and is
made up of granular mineral
grains.

A

Gneiss

32
Q

mineral grains are not arranged in
plains or bands

A

Non-Foliated –

33
Q

is a non-foliated
metamorphic rock that is
produced from the
metamorphism of limestone.

A

Marble

34
Q

they are not made by humans (they are
formed by the earth).

A

naturally occuring

35
Q

they have never been alive
and are not made of plants or animals.

A

inorganic

36
Q

they have never been alive
and are not made of plants or animals.

A

Definite chemical composition/
specific chemical structure

37
Q

they have an ordered atomic arrangement.
The chemical elements that make up each mineral are
arranged in a particular way - this is why minerals “grow” as
crystals.

A

Crystal shape/
crystal system

38
Q

are not always cube shaped! There
are many that are shaped like octahedrons (eight
faces), and some that are shaped like
dodecahedrons (10 faces).

A

Cubic crystals

39
Q

are often shaped like
rhombic prisms or dipyramids (two pyramids
stuck together). They often look a bit like
tetragonal crystals except that they are not
square in cross section (when you look at the
crystal on end).

A

Orthorhombic crystals

40
Q

are shaped like cubic
crystals but are longer in one direction making
shapes like double pyramids and prisms.

A

Tetragonal crystals

41
Q

often look like six-sided
prisms. When you look at the crystal on end, it
looks like a hexagon shape in cross section.

A

Hexagonal crystals

42
Q

look like tetragonal
crystals that have been skewed. They
often form prism shapes and double pyramids.

A

Monoclinic crystals

43
Q

are sometimes very
strange shapes! They are usually not
symmetrical from one side to the other.

A

Triclinic crystals

44
Q

Some minerals have ________ in them which can
oxidize or rust when exposed to the weather.

A

metals

45
Q

Some minerals have metals in them which can
oxidize or rust when exposed to the __________

A

weather.

46
Q

describes the way a mineral reflects light.

A

Luster

47
Q

is when a mineral breaks on a
smooth, definite surface.

A

Cleavage

48
Q

is when a mineral breaks
unevenly or with a rough break.

A

Fracture

49
Q

This characteristic relates to
the mineral’s density.

A

gravity

50
Q

is
useful in determining specific
gravity

A

Water displacement

51
Q

split the light into two different
rays which gives the illusion of
double vision

A

Birefringent minerals

52
Q

Some minerals display what is called the
phenomenon of __________. This basically
means that they “glow” when exposed to UV light
(black light). The mineral fluorite is often strongly
fluorescent.

A

photoluminescence

Piling larangan (15 decks)

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