CAP Flashcards
The purpose of this design is to describe the status of an identified variable such as events, people, or subjects as they exist.
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Descriptive Research Design
The purpose of this design is to determine whether a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables and to what degree.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
This design aims to describe trends in a large population of individuals.
SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
This design attempts to determine the effectiveness or efficiency of certain practices or policies.
EVALUATION STUDIES DESIGN
This design attempts to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals.
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE DESIGN
This is one of the most powerful research methodologies that researchers can use.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
The simplest design. Either a single group or multiple groups are observed subsequent to some agent or treatment presumed to cause change.
Pre-experimental design:
The most accurate design. The researcher randomly assigns subjects to control and treatment groups.
True experimental design:
Some other, non-random method is used to assign subjects to groups.
Quasi-experimental design:
A single group is exposed to a treatment and a dependent variable is subsequently observed in order to assess the effect of the treatment.
One-Shot Case Study
A single group is observed before and after being exposed to a treatment.
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Desig
This is also known as nonequivalent control group design.
In this design, two already existing groups (static groups) are used.
Static-Group Comparison Design
This design involves two groups, both of which are formed by random assignment.
One group receives the treatment while the other does not, and then both groups are posttested on the dependent variable.
Posttest-Only Control Group Design
Two groups of subjects were used, with both groups being observed twice (one on pretest and one on posttest).
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
This design involves random assignment of subjects to four groups, with two of them are pretested and two not.
One of the pretested groups and one of the unpretested groups is exposed to treatment
Solomon Four-Group Design
In this design, static groups will be given a pretest.
Static-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
This design involves repeated observations over a period of time both before and after treatment.
Time-Series Design
In this design, each group is exposed to all treatments, however many there are, but in a different order.
Counterbalanced Design
is simply a set of questions which, when answered completely by a required number of properly selected respondents, will supply the necessary information to complete a research study.
Questionnaires are most common instrument in research.
Questionnaire
is defined as a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one of whom called the interviewer who asks questions to gather information and the other called interviewee who supplies the information asked for.
Interview
Interview has three types:
unstructured, structured, and semi-structured.
is a technique which enables the researcher to participate actively in the conduct of research
Observation
is the most direct way and the most widely used in studying behavior.
Observation
is defined as a specific type of measuring instrument whose general characteristic is that, it forces responses from a pupil and the responses are considered to be indicative of the pupil’s skill, knowledge, attitudes, etc.
A test
This technique involves collection of physical data from the subjects. It is considered more accurate and objective than other data collection methods.
Mechanical Devices
may be defined as measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing. (Bradfield and Moredock, p.38)
SAMPLING
is that unit about which information is collected and which provides the basis of analysis. They are the members of the population.
An element
is the theoretically specific aggregation of the elements. This is also called universe.
A population
is that aggregation of elements from which the sample is actually selected.
A study population
These are the elements (people) who are actually selected to participate or to be the subject in the study.
SAMPLE.
is a set of exclusive attributes.
A variable
is the summary description of a given variable in a population.
A parameter
is the summary description of a given variable in a sample.
A statistics
is the degree of error of a sample statistics when compared with the population parameter.
Sampling error
is the degree of confidence that a sample will accurately fall within a certain or specified interval from the population parameter.
Confidence level
the sample is a proportion (a certain percent) of the population by means of some systematic way in which every element of the population has a chance of being included in the sample.
In probability sampling,
the sample is not a proportion of the population and there is no system in selecting the sample.
n non-probability sampling
In this type of sampling, there is no system of selection but only those whom the researcher or interviewer meet by chance are included in the sample.
Accidental sampling.
In this type of sampling, specified numbers of persons of certain types are included in the sample.
Quota sampling.
is a process of picking out people in the most convenient and fastest way to get their reactions to a certain hot and controversial issue.
Convenience sampling
is determining the target population, those to be involved in the study. The respondents are chosen on the basis of their knowledge of the information desired.
Purposive sampling
This type of sampling is one in which every one in the population of the inquiry has an equal chance of being selected to be included in the sample. This is also called the lottery or raffle type of sampling.
Pure RAndom Sampling
This is a technique of sampling in which every nth name in a list may be selected to be included in a sample.
Systematic random sampling.
is the process of selecting randomly, samples from the different strata of the population used in the study.
Stratified random sampling
It is used when the population is so big or the geographical area of the research is so large. The general procedure is to divide the area or population into clusters or blocks and then within the final cluster apply any of the different methods of selecting the sample.
Cluster sampling (Multistage cluster sampling
When the population is more or less homogenous and only the typical, normal, or average is desired to be known, a _______________ is enough.
smaller sample
However, if differences are desired to be known, a ___________ is needed.
larger sample
When the population is more or less heterogenous and only the typical, normal, or average is desired to be known, a ______________ is needed.
larger sample
However, if differences are desired to be known, a ———– is enough.
smaller sample
Research Design – method of research used (e.g. descriptive, correlational, experimental). The procedural part of the method, its appropriateness to the study, and some of its advantages should be given attention and should be well discussed.
Research Design – method of research used (e.g. descriptive, correlational, experimental). The procedural part of the method, its appropriateness to the study, and some of its advantages should be given attention and should be well discussed.
The method of gathering data and the development of the instrument for gathering data must also be explained.
Data Collection and Instrumentation –
What the researcher has to do here is to write about the complete procedure he used in determining the sample.
Sampling Design –
The statistical tools researcher used to analyze the data. The researcher must have at least a rudimentary knowledge of statistics so that he will be able to select and apply the appropriate statistical methods for his data.
Statistical Treatment of Data –
