Equine Neck Flashcards
Bilateral action of brachiocephalicus muscle does…
Flexes neck ventrally
Unilateral action bends the neck….
Towards the active side
When neck is fixed…..
Unilateral action advances the limb
Dorsal br. of accessory n. supplies what muscles & clin sig
- supplies trapezius, omotransversarius, and brachiocephalic muscles
- must be avoided during IM injections
Ventral br. of accessory nerve supplies
Sternocephalicus m.
Location of ventral branch of accessory nerve
Ventral aspect of parotid gland
Dorsomedial to musculotendinous junction of Sternocephalicus m.
2 clin sigs of Ventral branch of accessory nerve
- modified forssell’s technique (crib biting treatment )
- biopsy of this nerve used to diagnose Equine Motor Neuron Disease
List top 5 choices for venipuncture (in order)
- jugular v
-transverse facial v
-cephalic v
-saphenous v
- superficial thoracic v
Location of transverse facial vein
- Ventral to facial crest
- Midway to medial & lateral canthus of the eye
List the structures that the cutaneous colli m. protects
- cephalic v
- deltoid branch of superficial cervical a.
- thoracic duct
- caudal deep cervical lymph node
- cd. aspect of jugular v
Why is venipuncture preferred in the cranial half of jugular v
Cutaneous colli m. covers the caudal half
Clin sig of medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
Strangles
Deep fascia covers…
Carotid sheath, trachea, and esophagus
The superficial & deep fascia communicate. Why important?
Infection can easily spread
Contents of carotid sheath (4)
- vagosympathetic trunk
- common carotid a
- recurrent laryngeal
- maybe internal jugular v
Why is L recurrent laryngeal n. susceptible to being injured
Bc its longer
Structures the cutaneous colli m. covers
- jugular v
- cephalic v
- deltoid branch of superficial cervical a.
- caudal deep cervical lymph center
- thoracic inlet
Borders of jugular groove
- dorsally: omotransversarius m. & cleidomastoideus m.
- Ventrally: sternocephalicus m.
- medially: omohyoideus m.
- laterally: cranial 1/2=skin & caudal 1/2= cutaneous colli m.
List the primary and secondary site for pulse taking
1st) Facial a.
2nd) Transverse facial a.
Cranial deep cervical lymph nodes receive & reside on
Afferent vessels from deep structures of head; first few tracheal rings
3 procedures associated with trachea
- trans-tracheal wash
- broncho-alveolar lavage
- tracheotomy/tracheostomy
Names of 3 lymph centers
- cr. Deep
- middle deep
- cd. Deep
Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve causes
Laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)
What muscle does the recurrent laryngeal supply
- arytenoid dorsalis m. (Funct: to abduct arytenoid cartilage)
Layers of esophagus
- mucosa
- submucosa
- 2 muscle layers
- adventitia
Clin sig of esophagus
Trauma, choking, mass formation, post-op complications causes lumen to:
- increase: causes diverticula
- decrease: causes strictures
How to diagnose strictures and diverticula
Endoscopy or esophageogram
What is done during tracheotomy
- emergency procedure
- annular ligament between tracheal rings 4 and 6 are severed
What is done during tracheostomy
- permanent surgical procedure (on the books)
- elliptical parts of tracheal rings 4-6 are severed
What two muscles are incised during a tracheotomy/tracheostomy
- sternohyoideus m.
-sternothyroideus m.
Why would a trans-tracheal wash be performed
To collect fluid for culture from trachea & lungs in suspected respiratory infection cases
Where does the thyroid gland reside
First few rings of trachea
Middle deep cervical lymph node location
Mid-ventral and lateral surfaces of trachea
Caudal deep cervical lymph node location
Thoracic inlet
Superficial cervical lymph center borders
- laterally: cleidomastoideus & omotransversarius muscles
- medially: omohyoideus m.
- caudally: subclavius m.
What structures does the superficial cervical lymph center drain
- Neck, thorax, shoulder, arm
- sends efferents to caudal deep cervical lymph nodes in thoracic inlet
Name the 2 parts of the nuchal ligament
- lamina nuchae (sheet)
- funiculus nuchae (line)
Origin, inertion, and location of funicular nuchae
- origin: base of skull
- runs caudally along dorsal midline & joins supraspinous ligament
- insertion: spinous processes of T2-T8
Origin and Insertion of laminae nuchae
- origin: spinous processes of T2-T3
- insertion: spinous processes of C2-C5
4 functions of atlantooccipital space
- csf tap
- inject redio-opaque medium
- inject local anesthesia or intra-articular treatments
- perform arthroscopic procedures
List the 3 bursae ventral to nuchal ligament
- cranial nuchal bursa
- caudal nuchal bursa
- supraspinous bursa
Location and clin sig of cranial nuchal bursa
- between ventral aspect of funicula nuchae and dorsal aspect of spinous processes of 1st cervical verterbrae
- poll evil
Describe poll evil
Inflammation of cranial nuchal bursa caused by continuous irritation to area, which opens the skin and lets bacteria in
Location of caudal nuchal bursa and clin sig
- between ventral aspect of funicular nuchae and spinous process of 2nd cervical vertebrae
- not all horses have it
Location and clin sig of supraspinous bursa
- between ventral aspect of funicular nuchae and spinous processes of T2-T3
- Fistulous withers
Describe fistulous withers and its importance to public health
- inflammation of supraspinous bursa due to Brucella infection
- causes abortion and sterility
- vets and people who work directly with infected animal are at high risk of contracting
