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Anatomy II > Anatomy Of The Equine Head-ppt > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Equine Head-ppt Flashcards

1
Q

What are the facial and trigeminal nerves of the horse prone to?

A

Easily injured

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2
Q

Name a treatment for facial nerve paralysis

A

Electroacupuncture

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3
Q

What nerve passes through the mandibular foramen

A

Trigeminal n

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4
Q

Clin sig of mandibular foramen in horses

A

Nerve block site for lower dental procedures

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5
Q

Name the 3 nerve blocks pertaining to the face

A

1) infraorbital

2) mental

3) mandibular alveolar

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6
Q

Which nerve do the infraorbital, mental, and mandibular alveolar nerves branch off from?

A

Trigeminal

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7
Q

What muscle must you move out the way to do an infraorbital nerve block?

A

Levator labii superioris m.

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8
Q

What structures does the infraorbital nerve block desensitize?

A

Upper lip, nose, first upper two cheek teeth

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9
Q

What injury can an infraorbital nerve block be used for?

A

External nostril lacerations

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10
Q

How do you palpate the mental foramen for a mental nerve block?

A

Palpate an inch or two caudal to the canines

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11
Q

What muscle must you move out the way to perform a mental nerve block?

A

Depressor labii inferioris m.

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12
Q

What structures does the mental nerve block desensitize?

A

Lower lip, canine, and incisors

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13
Q

What type of procedures are mental nerve blocks useful for?

A

Tooth extractions

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14
Q

How do you find the proper location for a mandibular alveolar nerve block?

A

Find the intersection point between a line parallel to the masticatory surface of the cheek teeth and lateral canthus

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15
Q

What are some general uses for nerve blocks of the eye?

A

Opthalmic examination, eyelid lacerations, subpalpebral lavage system

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16
Q

Which nerve block of the eye is the only one that is not supplied by an afferent nerve?

A

Auriculopalpebral nerve block is supplied by the palpebral branch of the facial nerve

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17
Q

Purpose of the supraorbital nerve block?

A

Prevent sensation to upper eyelid

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18
Q

How would you palpate the location for the supraorbital nerve block?

A

Palpate with 3 fingers between the dorsal rim of orbit and supraorbital fossa

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19
Q

What nerve is blocked during a supraorbital nerve block

A

Supraorbital branch of the opthalmic nerve which is a branch of the trigeminal nerve

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20
Q

Location of the auriculopalpebral nerve block

A

Dorsal edge of the zygomatic arch

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21
Q

Why would you perform an auriculopalpebral nerve block

A

Prevent blepharospasms

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22
Q

What are the main and specific nerves that are affected by the auriculopalpebral nerve block

A

Main= Facial n.

Specific= Palpebral n.

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23
Q

Location of the lacrimal nerve block

A

Dorsolateral 1/3 of orbit

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24
Q

What main nerve and its branch supply the lacrimal nerve block

A

Main: trigeminal n.
Branch: Opthalmic

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25
What is the main nerve and its branch that supply the zygomaticofacial nerve block?
Main: trigeminal Branch: zygomatic
26
How do you perform a zygomaticofacial nerve block
Insert needle laterally, along ventral margin of orbit, medial to zygomatic process of frontal bone
27
Main nerve and branch that supply the infratrochlear nerve block
Main: trigeminal n. Branch: opthalmic n.
28
How would you perform an infratrochlear nerve block
Insert needle medially on dorsal orbit (Palpate trochlear notch)
29
What can the false nostril be used for
To direct nasogastric tube/endoscope into true nostril
30
Location of nasolacrimal duct opening
True nostril
31
Clin sigs of nasolacrimal duct opening
- can be blocked by polyps - tears come through duct - used in NLD Jones test - used to test for corneal ulcers
32
What connective tissue surrounds the vomer bone and helps make up the nasal septum
Hyaline cartilage (divides left and right nostrils)
33
Clin sig of nasal septum
Deviation of nasal septum
34
Name the 3 types of nasal conchae and their clin sig
1) dorsal 2) ventral 3) ethmoid Clin sig: can be injured and cause hemorrhaging during NT intubation
35
Name the 3 nasal meatuses
1) dorsal 2) middle 3) ventral
36
Clin sig of the ventral and common meatuses
Nasogastric intubation and endoscopy
37
Clin sig of ethmoid conchae
Ethmoid hematology & nasal bleeding
38
Function of nasal sinuses
Reduce weight of skull & provide expanded spaces for teeth
39
Epithelium that lines paranasal sinuses
Ciliated, glandular
40
Define paranasal sinuses
Gas filled cavities between internal and external plates of flat bones of the skull
41
Name the paranasal sinuses
1) conchofrontal 2) maxillary 3) sphenopalatine
42
Location of the sphenopalatine sinus
1) caudal to ethmoid conchae 2) dorsal to medial medial guttural pouch
43
Clin sig of the false nostril
Cover while placing a NG tuber/edndoscope to help guide into true nostril
44
Clin sig of Nasolacrimal duct
- NLD Jones test (corneal ulcers; patency test)
45
Injuries assc w/ ethmoid concha
- ethmoid hematoma - nasal bleeding
46
Function of paranasal sinuses
- reduce wt of head - provide space for teeth
47
3 paranasal sinuses
- conchofrontal - maxillary -sphenopalatine
48
Name of septum that divides rostral & caudal maxillary sinuses
Bony septum
49
Caudal portion of dorsal nasal conchae communicates w/
Frontal sinus (Conchofrontal sinus)
50
Caudal portion of ventral nasal conchae communicates with
Rostral portion of maxillary sinus over infraorbital canal
51
Sphenopalatine sinus communicates w/
Caudal maxillary sinus, then drains into nasal cavity via middle nasal meatus
52
Both ends of maxillary sinus drains into nasal cavity via
Nasomaxillary fissure
53
4 borders of maxillary sinus
Ventral: facial crest Dorsal: line from infraorbital foramen to medial canthus of eye Cranial: line from rostral point of facial crest to infraorbital foramen Caudal: rostral part of bony orbit of eye
54
How to surgically access maxillary sinus
- incise line from infraorbital foramen to medial canthus (Avoid infraorbital canal & nasolacrimal duct)
55
Roots of which cheek teeth are located in the maxillary sinus
Last 3 cheek teeth (PM 4 may be partially located in rostral part)
56
Clin sig of the sphenopalatine sinus
Infections in young horses goes through plate and spreads to brain bc plates aren’t fused
57
Location of sphenopalatine sinus
- caudal to ethmoid conchae - dorsal to guttural pouches and nasopharynx
58
Surgical approaches to access maxillary sinus
- bone flap surgery -trephination (2-3 days, replace w/ same bone, flush out until clean)
59
Function and origin of guttural pouches
- function: influence BP in internal carotid, cerebral blood-cooling mech. during racing, balance system) - extension of eustachian tubes
60
What are guttural pouches
- air filled diverticula separated by thin septum - lined w/ respiratiory epithelium including goblet and mucus cells
61
What divides guttural pouches into medial and lateral parts
Stylohyoid bone
62
T or F: lateral guttural pouch is larger than medial
False; medial is larger. Lateral is 1/3 of the size
63
3 natural entrances to the guttural pouches
1) nasopharynx (endoscopy) 2) lateral canthus 3) dorsal to pouch
64
Contents of the medial guttural pouch
- internal carotid a. - CN IX, X, XII
65
Contents of Lateral guttural pouch
- External carotid a. -maxillary V.
66
List diseases of guttural pouches
- tympani -empyema -mycosis -exostosis of stylohyoid bone - tumors
67
Surgical approaches of guttural pouches
- modified whitehouse (enter ventral medial compartment) - viborg triangle
68
Borders of viborg triangle
Cranial: ramus of mandible Caudal: tendon of sternocephalicus Ventral: linguofacial v.
69
What two structures do you tie together during a tie back surgery
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage and dorsal aspect of cricoarytenoideus m.
70
Clinical cases assc w/ larynx, soft palate, and epiglottis
- laryngeal hemiplegia - epiglottic entrapment - dorsal displacement of the soft palate
71
Instrument used during laryngeal ventriculectomy/sacculectomy
Surgical burr
72
Another method of performing a laryngeal ventriculectomy is
Via laser
73
Treatment for laryngeal hemiplegiaa
Laryngeal ventriculectomy
74
Treatment & tool for epiglottic entrapment
Pulling tissue down w/ broncho-esophageal forceps

Anatomy II (18 decks)

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