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Anatomy II > Anatomy Of The Equine Head-ppt > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Equine Head-ppt Flashcards

1
Q

What are the facial and trigeminal nerves of the horse prone to?

A

Easily injured

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2
Q

Name a treatment for facial nerve paralysis

A

Electroacupuncture

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3
Q

What nerve passes through the mandibular foramen

A

Trigeminal n

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4
Q

Clin sig of mandibular foramen in horses

A

Nerve block site for lower dental procedures

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5
Q

Name the 3 nerve blocks pertaining to the face

A

1) infraorbital

2) mental

3) mandibular alveolar

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6
Q

Which nerve do the infraorbital, mental, and mandibular alveolar nerves branch off from?

A

Trigeminal

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7
Q

What muscle must you move out the way to do an infraorbital nerve block?

A

Levator labii superioris m.

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8
Q

What structures does the infraorbital nerve block desensitize?

A

Upper lip, nose, first upper two cheek teeth

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9
Q

What injury can an infraorbital nerve block be used for?

A

External nostril lacerations

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10
Q

How do you palpate the mental foramen for a mental nerve block?

A

Palpate an inch or two caudal to the canines

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11
Q

What muscle must you move out the way to perform a mental nerve block?

A

Depressor labii inferioris m.

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12
Q

What structures does the mental nerve block desensitize?

A

Lower lip, canine, and incisors

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13
Q

What type of procedures are mental nerve blocks useful for?

A

Tooth extractions

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14
Q

How do you find the proper location for a mandibular alveolar nerve block?

A

Find the intersection point between a line parallel to the masticatory surface of the cheek teeth and lateral canthus

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15
Q

What are some general uses for nerve blocks of the eye?

A

Opthalmic examination, eyelid lacerations, subpalpebral lavage system

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16
Q

Which nerve block of the eye is the only one that is not supplied by an afferent nerve?

A

Auriculopalpebral nerve block is supplied by the palpebral branch of the facial nerve

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17
Q

Purpose of the supraorbital nerve block?

A

Prevent sensation to upper eyelid

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18
Q

How would you palpate the location for the supraorbital nerve block?

A

Palpate with 3 fingers between the dorsal rim of orbit and supraorbital fossa

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19
Q

What nerve is blocked during a supraorbital nerve block

A

Supraorbital branch of the opthalmic nerve which is a branch of the trigeminal nerve

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20
Q

Location of the auriculopalpebral nerve block

A

Dorsal edge of the zygomatic arch

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21
Q

Why would you perform an auriculopalpebral nerve block

A

Prevent blepharospasms

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22
Q

What are the main and specific nerves that are affected by the auriculopalpebral nerve block

A

Main= Facial n.

Specific= Palpebral n.

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23
Q

Location of the lacrimal nerve block

A

Dorsolateral 1/3 of orbit

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24
Q

What main nerve and its branch supply the lacrimal nerve block

A

Main: trigeminal n.
Branch: Opthalmic

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25
Q

What is the main nerve and its branch that supply the zygomaticofacial nerve block?

A

Main: trigeminal

Branch: zygomatic

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26
Q

How do you perform a zygomaticofacial nerve block

A

Insert needle laterally, along ventral margin of orbit, medial to zygomatic process of frontal bone

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27
Q

Main nerve and branch that supply the infratrochlear nerve block

A

Main: trigeminal n.

Branch: opthalmic n.

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28
Q

How would you perform an infratrochlear nerve block

A

Insert needle medially on dorsal orbit
(Palpate trochlear notch)

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29
Q

What can the false nostril be used for

A

To direct nasogastric tube/endoscope into true nostril

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30
Q

Location of nasolacrimal duct opening

A

True nostril

31
Q

Clin sigs of nasolacrimal duct opening

A
  • can be blocked by polyps
  • tears come through duct
  • used in NLD Jones test
  • used to test for corneal ulcers
32
Q

What connective tissue surrounds the vomer bone and helps make up the nasal septum

A

Hyaline cartilage (divides left and right nostrils)

33
Q

Clin sig of nasal septum

A

Deviation of nasal septum

34
Q

Name the 3 types of nasal conchae and their clin sig

A

1) dorsal

2) ventral

3) ethmoid

Clin sig: can be injured and cause hemorrhaging during NT intubation

35
Q

Name the 3 nasal meatuses

A

1) dorsal

2) middle

3) ventral

36
Q

Clin sig of the ventral and common meatuses

A

Nasogastric intubation and endoscopy

37
Q

Clin sig of ethmoid conchae

A

Ethmoid hematology & nasal bleeding

38
Q

Function of nasal sinuses

A

Reduce weight of skull & provide expanded spaces for teeth

39
Q

Epithelium that lines paranasal sinuses

A

Ciliated, glandular

40
Q

Define paranasal sinuses

A

Gas filled cavities between internal and external plates of flat bones of the skull

41
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses

A

1) conchofrontal

2) maxillary

3) sphenopalatine

42
Q

Location of the sphenopalatine sinus

A

1) caudal to ethmoid conchae

2) dorsal to medial medial guttural pouch

43
Q

Clin sig of the false nostril

A

Cover while placing a NG tuber/edndoscope to help guide into true nostril

44
Q

Clin sig of Nasolacrimal duct

A
  • NLD Jones test (corneal ulcers; patency test)
45
Q

Injuries assc w/ ethmoid concha

A
  • ethmoid hematoma
  • nasal bleeding
46
Q

Function of paranasal sinuses

A
  • reduce wt of head
  • provide space for teeth
47
Q

3 paranasal sinuses

A
  • conchofrontal
  • maxillary

-sphenopalatine

48
Q

Name of septum that divides rostral & caudal maxillary sinuses

A

Bony septum

49
Q

Caudal portion of dorsal nasal conchae communicates w/

A

Frontal sinus
(Conchofrontal sinus)

50
Q

Caudal portion of ventral nasal conchae communicates with

A

Rostral portion of maxillary sinus over infraorbital canal

51
Q

Sphenopalatine sinus communicates w/

A

Caudal maxillary sinus, then drains into nasal cavity via middle nasal meatus

52
Q

Both ends of maxillary sinus drains into nasal cavity via

A

Nasomaxillary fissure

53
Q

4 borders of maxillary sinus

A

Ventral: facial crest

Dorsal: line from infraorbital foramen to medial canthus of eye

Cranial: line from rostral point of facial crest to infraorbital foramen

Caudal: rostral part of bony orbit of eye

54
Q

How to surgically access maxillary sinus

A
  • incise line from infraorbital foramen to medial canthus

(Avoid infraorbital canal & nasolacrimal duct)

55
Q

Roots of which cheek teeth are located in the maxillary sinus

A

Last 3 cheek teeth (PM 4 may be partially located in rostral part)

56
Q

Clin sig of the sphenopalatine sinus

A

Infections in young horses goes through plate and spreads to brain bc plates aren’t fused

57
Q

Location of sphenopalatine sinus

A
  • caudal to ethmoid conchae
  • dorsal to guttural pouches and nasopharynx
58
Q

Surgical approaches to access maxillary sinus

A
  • bone flap surgery

-trephination (2-3 days, replace w/ same bone, flush out until clean)

59
Q

Function and origin of guttural pouches

A
  • function: influence BP in internal carotid, cerebral blood-cooling mech. during racing, balance system)
  • extension of eustachian tubes
60
Q

What are guttural pouches

A
  • air filled diverticula separated by thin septum
  • lined w/ respiratiory epithelium including goblet and mucus cells
61
Q

What divides guttural pouches into medial and lateral parts

A

Stylohyoid bone

62
Q

T or F: lateral guttural pouch is larger than medial

A

False; medial is larger. Lateral is 1/3 of the size

63
Q

3 natural entrances to the guttural pouches

A

1) nasopharynx (endoscopy)

2) lateral canthus

3) dorsal to pouch

64
Q

Contents of the medial guttural pouch

A
  • internal carotid a.
  • CN IX, X, XII
65
Q

Contents of Lateral guttural pouch

A
  • External carotid a.

-maxillary V.

66
Q

List diseases of guttural pouches

A
  • tympani

-empyema

-mycosis

-exostosis of stylohyoid bone

  • tumors
67
Q

Surgical approaches of guttural pouches

A
  • modified whitehouse (enter ventral medial compartment)
  • viborg triangle
68
Q

Borders of viborg triangle

A

Cranial: ramus of mandible

Caudal: tendon of sternocephalicus

Ventral: linguofacial v.

69
Q

What two structures do you tie together during a tie back surgery

A

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage and dorsal aspect of cricoarytenoideus m.

70
Q

Clinical cases assc w/ larynx, soft palate, and epiglottis

A
  • laryngeal hemiplegia
  • epiglottic entrapment
  • dorsal displacement of the soft palate
71
Q

Instrument used during laryngeal ventriculectomy/sacculectomy

A

Surgical burr

72
Q

Another method of performing a laryngeal ventriculectomy is

A

Via laser

73
Q

Treatment for laryngeal hemiplegiaa

A

Laryngeal ventriculectomy

74
Q

Treatment & tool for epiglottic entrapment

A

Pulling tissue down w/ broncho-esophageal forceps

Anatomy II (18 decks)

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