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Anatomy II > Equine Forelimb > Flashcards

Equine Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the forelimb carry more weight than hindlimb

A
  • forelimb touches the ground first
  • bears weight of head, thorax, and neck
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2
Q

List 6 joints of forelimb

A

1) shoulder

2) elbow

3) carpus (3)

4) fetlock

5) pastern

6) coffin

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3
Q

Shoulder joint articulation…

A

Between scapula and humerus

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4
Q

Elbow joint articulation…

A

Humerus and radius and ulna

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5
Q

List the 3 carpus joints

A
  • radiocarpal
  • intercarpal
  • carpometacarpal
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6
Q

Articulation of radiocarpal joint

A

Radius and first row of carpal bones

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7
Q

Articulation of intercarpal joint

A

Between 1st and 2nd rows of carpal bones

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8
Q

Articulation of carpometacarpal joint

A

Second row of carpal bones and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metacarpal bones ( medial splint bone, cannon bone, lateral splint bone)

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9
Q

Articulation of fetlock joint

A

Distal end of cannon bone (3rd metacarpal), proximal sesamoid bones, and first phalanx

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10
Q

Articulation of pastern joint

A

1st and 2nd phalanges

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11
Q

Articulation of coffin joint

A

2nd phalanx, distal sesamoid bone, and 3rd phalanx

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12
Q

Olecranon bursa

A
  • function to reduce friction
  • clin sig: capped elbow (calcification and inflammation of bursa)
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13
Q

Muscles on lateral side of scapula

A
  • supraspinatus m.
  • infraspinatus m.
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14
Q

Muscle(s) on medial side of scapula

A
  • subscapularis m.
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15
Q

Suprascapular n. Location and clin sig

A
  • under skin, between supraspinatus m. and infraspinatus m.
  • sweeney shoulder
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16
Q

Clinical signs of sweeney shoulder

A

Lameness, scapular muscle atrophy, prominent scapular spine

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17
Q

Bicipital bursa

A
  • location: between tendon of origin of biceps muscle and humerus head
  • function: prevents overflexion of shoulder; part of passive stay mechanism
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18
Q

Passive stay mechanism

A

Allows horse to stand for prolonged periods of time without muscle fatigue

  • ligaments and tendons take over weight distribution b/c they fatigue slower
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19
Q

Lateral surface muscles of radius

A
  • extensor carpi radialis m.
  • extensor carpi obliquus m.
  • common digital extensor m.
  • lateral digital extensor m.

(All the EXTENSOR MUSCLES)

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20
Q

Muscles on latero-caudal side of radius

A
  • Lacertus Fibrosus
  • flexor carpi radialis m.
  • flexor carpi ulnaris m.
  • deep digital flexor m.
  • superficial digital flexor m.
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21
Q

Significance of muscles on the medial surface of radius

A

Non-existent

22
Q

Periosteal stripping

A
  • treats: angular limb deformities
  • how: creating an inverted T-shaped incision on the periosteum to allow bone on that side to grow faster
23
Q

List the 3 procedures used to treat angular limb deformities

A
  • periosteal stripping (encourages growth)
  • Transphyseal screw placement ( delays bone growth- one screw)
  • Transphyseal bridging (delays bone growth- 2 screws)
24
Q

Two types of angular limb deformities

A
  • Valgus ( “knock-kneed”; medial side grows faster)
  • Varus (“bowlegged”; lateral side grows faster)
25
Q

Angular limb deformities usually affect________

A

Foals

26
Q

Extensor carpi radialis tendon and common digital extensor tendon

A

Pass over carpus

27
Q

Extensor carpi radialis m. tendon

A
  • insertion: carpometacarpal joint capsule
  • landmark for carpus joint access
28
Q

How to access carpus joints

A

Insert needle on either side of ECR tendon

29
Q

Lacertus fibrosus and tendon of ECR

A
  • Prevent carpus joint over extension
  • part of passive stay apparatus ( ECR tendon and lacertus fibrosus and flat surface of carpus joints help mech.)
30
Q

Common digital extensor tendon

A
  • only tendon to reach distal end of forelimb dorsally
  • extends digit
  • rupture= overflexion
  • insertion: extensor process of 3rd phalanx
  • landmark for accessing coffin joint
31
Q

How to access coffin joint

A
  • insert needle on either side of extensor process of 3rd phalanx
  • used for arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, joint anesthesia, joint block, and joint injections
32
Q

Extensor process of 3rd phalanx

A
  • site where CDE tendon is inserted
  • landmark for coffin joint access
  • site for pyramid disease
33
Q

Pyramid disease

A
  • calcification of extensor process of 3rd phalanx
  • due to chronic trauma and injury
34
Q

Tendons of Superficial digital flexor m. and Deep digital flexor m.

A
  • insertion: palmar surface of phalanges 1 and 2 (SDF) and phalanx 3 (DDF)
  • function: flex digit
  • clin sig: club foot
35
Q

Club foot

A
  • continuous flexion of SDF and DDF tendons
  • treatment: sever 1 or 2 ligaments that originate from both tendons
36
Q

Proximal check ligament

A
  • origin: SDF tendon
  • insertion: radius
  • can be severed to treat clubfoot
37
Q

Distal check ligament

A
  • origin: DDF tendon
  • insertion: carpus
  • can be severed to treat clubfoot
38
Q

Forelimb has ___ check ligaments and the hindlimb has ____ check ligaments

A

2; 1 (distal only)

39
Q

T or F: radiocarpal and intercarpal joints can be accessed individually and have large joint spaces

A

True

40
Q

How do you access the carpometacerpal joint

A

By injecting the intercarpal joint

41
Q

Extensor carpi radialis m. and common digital extensor m.

A
  • cover dorsal aspect of carpus
42
Q

Radial and 3rd carpal bones

A
  • most stress on carpal joints occur
  • Osteochondrosis dissecans, slab fractures, chip fractures, and bone cysts common medially and high
43
Q

Splint bones

A

2nd and 4th metacarpal bones

44
Q

Cannon bone

A

3rd metacarpal bone

45
Q

Metacarpal region

A
  • CDE tendon covers area dorsally
  • SDF, DDF, and Suspensory ligament cover ventral area
  • predisposed to: tendonitis, periositits (bucked shins), splint and cannon bone fractures, ruptured tendons, contracted tendons
46
Q

Suspensory ligament

A
  • splits into medial and lateral branches at level of fetlock joint
  • changes direction from ventral/caudal surface of cannon bone to dorsal surface of 1st phalanx
  • unites with CDE tendon on dorsal surface of 1st phalanx
47
Q

Best diagnostic technique for tendon injuries

A

Ultrasound

48
Q

Bucked shins

A
  • inflammation of periosteum of 3rd metacarpal bone
  • when cannon bone is thicker and denser at the front of bone rather than sides or back
49
Q

Check ligament of SDF/DDF desmotomies

A

Treatment for tendon injuries

50
Q

Landmark to access fetlock for arthrocentesis or arthroscopy

A

Between 3rd metacarpal bone, distal end of 4th metacarpal bone, and lateral branch of suspensory lig?

Anatomy II (18 decks)

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