EQ4- Glaciation Flashcards
Lake District (UK) RELICT glacial cult
- many services benefit locals (better public transport)
- tourism provided over 16,000 jobs in Lake District National Park
- one of few places relict glaciated landscape
Lake District (UK) RELICT glacial econ
- 16m visitors every yr (cos scenery)+ well developed tourist facilities
- 2014 visitors spent £1.1bn- support local services (multiplier effect)
- dominated by farming fewer+ larger hill farms but increase small holdings e.g. Langdale
Lake District (UK) RELICT glacial environ
- money tourists bring used protect environ
- landscape has huge environ value few places relict glacial
- distinctive features e.g. U-shaped valleys, ribbon lakes+ corries
Lake District (UK) RELICT glacial physical threats
CC threatens unique+ fragile ecosystem:
- loss plants+ animal species
- more extreme weather events storms caused floods Cumbria 2009+2015
- increase in insects (midges) can infect cattle e.g. Blue tongue disease 2007
Lake District (UK) RELICT glacial human threats
- additional tourist traffic causes congestion+ pollution
- (human) increased demand housing means increase prices locals pushed out 1/5 houses National Park second/holiday homes
- walking, climbing+ camping -> footpath erosion 2000miles destroy veg+ compact soil reducing infiltration rates so exposed soil more easily washed away heavy rain+ gullies may form along channeling more water+ erosion
Sagarmartha National Park (Nepal) (ACTIVE) glacial cult
- Lrgely run Sherpa ppl home 6,000 in park many worship Himalayan mountains
- cult+ religion restrict animal hunting+ respect all living things (part success w natural resource management)
Sagarmartha National Park (Nepal) ACTIVE glacial econ
- Sherpa expert mountaineer guides= new income
- well known mountain tourism 37,000 visited 2014 boosting local econ = improved standards living, better healthcare, education+ infrastructure
- chances successful summit Mount Everest (included in park) increased better equipment over 6,000 reached 90% guided clients willing pay thousands commercial co w/ limited climbing skills
Sagarmartha National Park (Nepal) ACTIVE glacial environ
- area dramatic mountains, glaciers+ deep valleys
- unique+ fragile ecosystem home rare species e.g. snow leopard
- included Mount Everest highest 8,848m
Sagarmartha National Park (Nepal) ACTIVE glacial physical threat
CC cause 95% Himalayan glaciers= rapid retreat, Khumbu glacier base Everest retreated 5km since 1953:
- reduction size glaciers consequences farming+ HEP
- leads to flooding
- glacial outburst floods: lakes blocked moraine if glaciers melt moraine wall may collapse e.g. 1985 10-15m high surge water destroyed Namche Small Hydro Project
- also risk landslides
- avalanches 2015 killed 22 on Everest (one deadliest in area ever) from 7.8 mag quake
Sagarmartha National Park (Nepal) ACTIVE glacial human threats
- once heavily forested less 30% natural forest remains as farming, use firewood +infrastructure cause loss wildlife habitat (biodiversity) , exposure soil nutrients washed away leaving soil infertile+ exposed erosion, increase risk landslides+ disruption water cycles
- footpath erosion+ construction illegal trails - walkers destroy veg+ compact soil reduced infiltration rates exposed soils more easily washed away rain+ gullies may then form channeling more water+ erosion
- greater demand new hotels+ lodges + forest products
- affect Sherpa cult way life
Greenland (ACTIVE) glacial cult
- ice= immense scientific value layers contain trapped gases, dust, pollen+ water molecules drilling deep into these ice cores can be studied for past climates
- Inuit ppl still try maintain trad lifestyle hunting, fishing+ herding (under pressure conservationist for certain animals)
Greenland (ACTIVE) glacial econ
- meltwater= huge potential HEP- thought worlds largest capacity
- ice retreat reveals highly valuable deposits oil, gas, metals+ minerals (rubies+ gold)
- tourism- increasing no. cruise liners operating in W+S waters during peak summer season
Greenland (ACTIVE) glacial environ
- ice sheet contains 10% global (ice mass) global important role water cycle+ reportedly solely contributed 0.33m sea level rise 1993-2010
- high albedo regulating global climate via feedback cycles
- fragile biodiversity endemic plants, large mammals (polar beer, reindeer, arctic fox+ whale)+ diverse range fish+ birds important opportunities scientific research
Greenland (ACTIVE) glacial physical threats
-polar bears face uncertain future CC (+environ pollution) ice melts losing hunting grounds+ habitats
Greenland (ACTIVE) glacial human threats
- increased industrial activity e.g. oil+ gas exploration will be stresses for environ
- 2014 protests in capital Nuuk after govt decision reverse ban radioactive uranium mining could-> lrg scale mining rare earths + radioactive waste could endanger fisheries+ farmland vital for locals
- ice retreat new commercial shipping routes e.g. northwest passage (pacific+ Atlantic oceans) could open up meaning more marine pollution
- pol disputes could cause conflict e.g. Russia claimed part Arctic seabed 2007 planted titanium flag which caused conflict other arctic nations Canada+ Denmark staked own claim