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A-level Geography New Required Spec > EQ1- Globalisation > Flashcards

EQ1- Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Globalisation

A

The increasing integration economics around the world, particularly through the movement of goods and services and capital across borders. There are also broader cult, pol+ environ dimensions.

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2
Q

‘Shrinking world’

A

Transportation much quicker+ connected (not acc shrinking)

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3
Q

Role of trade

A

-increasingly consistently since 1950s
-$61bn 1950->$19tn 2019
-tech developments transport+commun 19th century->development TNCs
-developments transport encouraged growth trade (dependent) cheaper+ quicker (tech)
(Increasing connection fin crisis 2009 can affect others also food+fuel crisis 2022)

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4
Q

Role of transport

A

-circumnavigation world used to take yrs-months 1700s HMS Dolphin 2yrs, 1930s propeller aircraft 8 days+ 1990s jet aircraft Concorde 31hrs
-19C: railways, telegraph (telephone)+ steam ships (COAL)
-20C: jet aircraft+ containerisation (REFINEMENT OIL)
-reduce transport costs
CRUCIAL- others couldn’t happen without

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5
Q

containerisation

A
  • 1950s ships larger (1990 avg 4,000 largest largest 2015 Oscar 19,224)+ more efficient less fuel consumption
  • standardised shape, easily transferable crane more auto-> reduced labour costs dramatically sped up trade as consumer gds cheaper (iPhone/ TV from China-UK less £1)
  • faster (less queuing ports to unload) perishables from distant markets opened up Kenya cut flowers
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6
Q

Jet aircraft

A
  • 1960s Boeing 747 ‘jumbo jet’ lowered cost air travel so int tourism within purchasing capabilities m/c (migration package holidays)
  • reduced time hrs rather steam ships days
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7
Q

Railways

A
  • steam trains invented 1802

- 1830s public railway (Liverpool+ Manchester)

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8
Q

Steam ships

A
  • Replaced sailing ships+ increased speed+ cargo capacity
  • Suez Canal opened 1869 cut route Br->India 6,000miles
  • Panama canal but Hong Kong billionaire funding possible Nicaragua as too small
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9
Q

Telegraph

A

-1st long distance instant commun tech 1830s
-Trans-Atlantic telegraph cable 1860s replaced 3 week boat journey w/ instant morse code msgs (Revolutionised business)
(telephone successor core tech commun long distance)

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10
Q

‘Time space compression’

A

Perception of time+ distance changed (+barriers) as increasingly connected
-thru development ICT+ mobile communications reshaping world (mobile phones, internet, social networking, electronic banking+ fibre optics)

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11
Q

Role of commun

A
  • mobile phone 1973+ smart phones 2000s
  • internet 1989 (50% use now w/ broadband) change e-commerce-> online retailers extending from books, films+ music Amazon 11 global market places+ buying customers 180 countries,
  • SOCIAL MEDIA (networking) Facebook registering 5m ‘likes’ a day 2015 wider commun cheaper
  • fibre optics increase land+ sea more 1m km undersea cables carry world data lrg amounts info transferred within cyberspace in secs
  • electronic banking revolutionised 6% Africans 2005-70% falling prices 1/3 GDP sent thru M-Pesa Kenya annually women show gd credit bills (for utilities)-> secure loans lifting out poverty (also send remittances home+ business keep in touch production, supply+ sales network)
  • CRUCIAL OTHERS WOULDN’T HAPPEN WITHOUT (cult+ econ)
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12
Q

Migration

A

Increased tourism since 1960s ->package holidays
Increasing each yr till 2019
Most countries ‘pick and mix’ attitude global flow embrace trade flows but resist migrant flows unless special need (Indian workers Qatar)
Econ migrants+ refugees reached almost quarter billion 2013
(Dependent transport + commun)

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13
Q

WTO (free trade policies)(World Trade Organisation)

A
  • aim use trade generate econ growth poorer regions (LICs)
  • advocate free trade liberalisation+ encourage all trade between countries free tariffs, quotas or restrictions trade (barriers)
  • govern rules
  • failed stop richest countries UK+USA subsidising own food producers harmful farmers developing countries not lvl playing field
  • GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) become WTO 1994 123 countries agreed major reduction tariffs (about 40%) +agri subsidies
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14
Q

Bretton Woods agreement

A

1944 pol promoting free-market democracy instead 1 party communism, econ objective rebuilding world econ after WW2
Set up World Bank+ IMF
US dominance questionable whether HIC preventing LIC development (challenge)

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15
Q

World Bank (multilateral aid)

A
  • finance econ development (aim)
  • uses bank deposits by wealthiest countries provide loans for development developing countries that agree repayment+ econ growth
  • e.g. gave $470m Philippines for poverty reduction programme
  • also helps countries reconstruct natural disasters+ humanitarian emergencies 1st loan given Fr post war
  • like IMF strict conditions loans+grants+ all pres US citizens
  • Ghana borrowed for Akosombo dam linked aluminium refinery U.S. decided could get cheaper Jamaica bought own didn’t use refinery so only flooded 12% country (lil econ benefit)
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16
Q

IMF (International Monetary Fund) (multilateral aid)

A
  • development purposes primarily maintain fin stability, stabilise currencies maintain growth (aim)
  • lends money in return force countries privatise govt assets/ SAP (Structural Adjustment programs)
  • e.g.Greek debt crisis 2008 forced cut govt expenditure (pensions lost) (austerity programmes)
  • US significant influence (most votes relation money inv) over despite always EU pres, rules+ regulation can be controversial cut back health, education etc
  • privatisation argue damage LICs more long-term Bolivia Chochabamba 1999 co increased 20% avg income protests 4days govt cancelled contract
17
Q

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)

A

Fin capital from one country to another for purpose constructing physical capital (factory)
Developing countries may prefer borrow China 2010 loaned $110bn more than World Bank (less conditions)

18
Q

Trading bloc (Nat govts promote)

A

Group of countries that promote free trade between them (removing tariffs) e.g. EU, NAFTA, ASEAN
Lead to globalisation they reduced restrictions+ specialisation products comparative advantage then trade for other members specialisms (TNCs)
-access resources don’t have themselves, move away industries (agri) + w others more econ influence global sphere

19
Q

EU

A
  • 19 adopt euro single currency prevents exchange rate affecting deals
  • 28 guarantees free movement gds, capital+ ppl->26 removed barrier controls
  • some foreign policy determined
  • uniform product labour+ environ regulations
  • integrated econ policy e.g. Structural Funds assist regions in countries GDP less 75% EU avg
20
Q

ASEAN (The Association of South East Asian Nations)

A

-10 uniform low tariff (working towards removal by sector)
-(more pol than econ) aims co-ord response regional issues
-nuclear weapons free 1995
But won’t comment Burma internal policies

21
Q

Opposition to trading blocs

A
  • fixed+ restricted countries trade w
  • all trade blocks have rules but not policed well as UK(subsidise farmers)+ US mainly get away as more powerful
  • trade distortion cheaper non members->expensive members
  • short term unemployment non specialised industries
  • cult erosion cheap uniform products replace expensive local variants
  • sovereignty loss nation give up some econ policy (immigration, single market)
22
Q

Free market liberalisation (Nat govts promoting thru policies GLOBALISATION)

A
  • promoting free markets+ reduces govt intervention in econ (‘impedes’ econ development)
  • competition once restricted markets -> innovation+ lowest cost production w efficiency (could be foreign removing restrictions ownership, FDI)
  • removing price controls+ breaking up monopolies (services e.g. telephones, gas)
  • Margaret Thatcher 1980s money trickle richest-poorest
23
Q

Privatisation (Nat govts promoting thru policies GLOBALISATION)

A
  • allow foreign investors gain slice former state owned services+ infrastructure (many still own big slices Fr)
  • allow FDI+ increase efficiency profit minimises losses+ reduce govt expenditure+ gain money
  • successive UK govts allowed foreign inv gain stake services electricity, gas (+industry car+ steel) e.g. Fr EDF energy in UK
24
Q

Encouraging business start-ups (Nat govts promoting thru policies GLOBALISATION)

A
  • methods ranging low business taxes to changes law allowing local+ foreign-owned businesses to make more profit (also grants+ loans)
  • creates innovation+ competition new production techniques, lower prices etc (maybe globally important industries renewable energy)
  • e.g. UK govt support ICT start-ups Tech City (Silicon roundabout) in Old Street area London
25
Q

SEZ (Special Econ Zones) (govt attracting FDI)

A

-set up by Nat govts offer financial/ tax incentives attract FDI which differ from those incentives normally by a country

26
Q

Attitudes to FDI (contributed spread globalisation into new regions+govt attracting FDI)

A
  • during decolonisation 1950s onwards many newly independent rejected int trade as exploitative preferred self sufficiency
  • Asian Tiger econ (Taiwan, Hong Kong, S Korea, Singapore) chose export led growth+ much faster econ growth
  • most changed attitudes 1980s viewing FDI positive new tech, jobs, better paying+ conditions e.g. China’s ‘open door’ Policy 1978
27
Q

Govt subsidies

A
  • Payment by govt to a co to promote a particular activity+ ensure profits
  • may attract FDI cover relocation costs etc
  • WTO against as lower market price undercutting imports may accept in SEZ as promotes trade (+UK get away subsidising farmers)
28
Q

China ‘open door’ policy 1978 explain

A
  • no int trade before ‘switched off’
  • slowly intro econ liberalisation+ opening up FDI while maintaining 1 party pol system (communism)
  • SEZ offer tax incentives+ huge pool labour e.g. Shanghai Econ Zone
29
Q

China ‘open door’ policy benefits

A
  • growth low wage factories-> ‘workshop of the world’ ->econ matured now
  • 1990s SEZ generated 50% GDP
  • 400m escaped poverty since+ 300m left rural
  • 2001 member WTO guaranteeing other countries lower tariffs exports from China
  • 2005 50% exports foreign countries w connections in SEZ
  • largest recipient FDI (receiving $60bn 2006) growth shifted Asia, changed flows China+ India control FDI BRICS inv increase 20% 2000-12 + 10% global now (inv sub Saharan Africa)
  • major inflow+outflow, FDI outflow predicted $1.25tn 2015-25
  • agreed export more ‘rare earths’ minerals in lime WTO
  • foreign TNCs allowed inv some sectors domestic market rail freight+ chemicals industry
  • GDP 124th 1976 now 2nd largest
30
Q

China’s ‘open door’ policy problems

A

-only promotes urban development worsen rural- urban gap 300m left rural, reliance cheap industry

  • soon 200 cities 1m or more (pressure demands)
  • not entirely open global flows: Google+ Facebook lil access instead Youku Soc media, strict quote 34foreign films cinema each yr + Coca-Cola’s acquisition Huiyan juice 2008 blocked (strict controls some sectors)

A-level Geography New Required Spec (20 decks)

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