EQ2-Carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between primary+ secondary energy resources

A
  • primary= consumed in raw form (fossil fuels) (or renewable)
  • secondary= when primary resources generate electricity that flows thru power lines+ infrastructure to power homes+ businesses
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2
Q

Domestic and foreign energy sources

A

-from own country whereas foreign energy sources imported from another country

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3
Q

Non- renewable and renewable energy sources

A
  • non- renewable from exploitation= eventually -> exhaustion
  • renewable= continuous flows of nature- can be constantly reused
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4
Q

Energy security

A

Being able access reliable+ affordable sources energy which may be domestic / from ‘friendly countries’

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5
Q

Energy ‘secure’

A

When produces more energy than imports w/surplus

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6
Q

Energy mix

A

combination of different energy sources used to meet a country’s total energy consumption (what available most easily/ cheaply/ effectively/ securely)

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7
Q

Access+ consumption energy resources depend

A
  • physical availability (geog hep rivers+ deep valleys)
  • cost+ public perception (costs passed on consumer high extraction- production + different lifestyles different perceptions)
  • tech+ lvl econ development (lower development lack technology+ demand develop Ghana solar)
  • environ policy (cultures view differently provider or damaging)
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8
Q

Uk energy security (1) stats

A
  • isn’t energy secure imports more than produces domestically
  • 2010 87.5% fossil fuels
  • used extract lrg reserves oil+ gas from North Sea but production peaked 1999
  • 1/3 fuel import= crude oil-> 50% from Norway
  • Norway 50% oil+ 60% natural gas from pipelines under North Sea+ gas= 29% UK fuel imports
  • 98% liquid gas arrives by supertanker from Qatar
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9
Q

Uk energy security (impact) (2)

A

High dependence imported energy puts country at risk sudden threats such as artificial+ abrupt hikes energy prices/ supplies cut off by military campaigns/ civil unrest

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10
Q

Uk energy security HOWEVER (3)

A
  • intends broaden energy mix w renewable sources especially wind+ nuclear
  • 2015 renewable sources =25% electricity generation (suggesting becoming more energy secure) w largest offshore wind farm
  • altho low potential energy security cos poor solar output+ HEP potential
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11
Q

Norway energy security HEP (1)

A
  • energy secure doesn’t import any energy but produces domestically (atm)
  • Norsk Hydro supplies 97.5% renewable electricity cos mountainous, steep valleys+ plentiful rainfall supply perfect HEP-> 40% energy mix 2010
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12
Q

Norway energy security fossil fuels (2)

A
  • exploits natural gas, coal+ oil supplies 55% energy mix +exports lots 3rd largest exporter hydrocarbons+ expanding output
  • profits from exports thru royalties+ taxes into sovereign wealth fund inv environ sustainable projects
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13
Q

Norway energy security HOWEVER (3)

A
  • physical availability HEP= limited already over 600 HEP sites in Norsk Hydro + solar output= low
  • Therefore may become less energy secure as finite resources run out
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14
Q

Uk energy mix coal

A

reduction:

  • still 150yrs worth coal reserves left UK but current tech make expensive+ unrealistic use
  • public concern deeper reserves coal contain high amounts sulphur which form acid rain+ sulphate aerosols= highly reflective suns rays (global warming) w/ last deep coal mine closed 2015
  • environ priorities from 2015 commitment 40% reduction domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 (compared 1990 lvls)
  • general privatisation energy supply cos costs 1980s -> overseas CO’s e.g. Fr EDF energy decide which energy sources meet UK demand buying primary energy on int markets
  • 19% reduction coal use 1980-2012
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15
Q

Uk energy mix nuclear power

A

Slight increase:

  • among global leaders nuclear tech 1950s-70s but lost momentum after discovery lrg reserves N Sea oil+ gas (physical availability)
  • nuclear power plants v expensive (cost)
  • public perception from NIMBYISM widely seen dangerous from Chernobyl meltdown+ concern where nuclear waste stored
  • only increase 3% 1980-2012 cos cheap source energy once power plants built
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16
Q

Norway energy mix HEP

A

Slight reduction:

  • extremely mountainous area w steep valleys+ plentiful supply making HEP natural choice (physical availability)
  • govt interventionist approach prevents foreign CO’s owning any primary energy source sites w royalties+ taxes paid by govt sale fossil fuels partly towards sovereign wealth fund w inv environ sustainable projects for future without fossil fuels (physical availability)
  • environ concerns w commitment 2015 reduce 40% greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared 1990lvls + ‘Policy for change’ 2016 aiming carbon neutral by 2050
  • But Norsk Hydro runs over 600 sites= supply 97.5% renewable energy means lil physical availability for expansion hydropower (physical availability)
  • reduced 2.5% 1980-2010 still 40% energy mix
17
Q

Norway energy mix oil

A

increase oil 20% 1980-2010

  • partly explained by HEP lack availability
  • lrg reserves oil+ other fossil fuels in countries territorial water (physical availability)
  • deep water drilling tech enabling them develop North Sea oil extraction
  • much oil exported 3rd largest exporter hydrocarbons + expanding output
  • even tho environ concerns+ priorities still use fossil fuels predominantly from lack expansion other efficient renewable energy sources Norway as solar output limited
18
Q

Wind econ cost

A

-high strike price £80/MwH onshore+ £115-120/Mwh offshore

19
Q

Solar econ cost

A
  • Consume productive farmland at time rising food costs e.g. Chapel Lane Solar Farm, Christchurch (UK) cost £50m +cover are= 175 football pitches, high strike price £50-80/MwH
  • lack research+ development storage methods for later use
20
Q

Nuclear (recyclable) econ cost

A
  • cost building+ decommissioning high+ tech involved means only open most developed
  • UK Civil Nuclear Constabulary police cost £100m/yr
21
Q

Wind econ+soc benefit

A

Hornsea Project 1 eventually provide power million homes+ create 2000 construction jobs

22
Q

Solar econ+ soc benefits

A

-provides energy lots homes Chapel Lane Solar Farm, Christchurch (UK) served 75% houses Bournemouth

23
Q

Nuclear (recyclable) econ+Soc benefits

A
  • one cheapest forms energy once built Fr 75% domestic energy= lowest energy bills W EU
  • provides lots jobs Hinkley Point C create 25,000
24
Q

Wind Soc cost

A

-not v attractive if near homes NIMBIYSM + noise pollution

25
Q

Solar Soc cost

A

-takes up space e.g. Chapel Lane Solar Farm, Christchurch (UK) consuming= 175 pitches could been used homes

26
Q

Nuclear (recyclable) Soc cost

A
  • widely seen dangerous as Chernobyl meltdown released dangerous levels radiation (+Fukushima)
  • threat terrorism
27
Q

Solar environ cost

A
  • Chapel Lane Solar Farm, Christchurch (UK) disrupted ecosystems+ take up lrg green space
  • production+ installation =lrg carbon footprint
  • reliant climate UK= low Solar output
28
Q

Nuclear (recyclable) environ cost

A
  • disposal highly toxic radioactive waste w/incredibly long decay life has no solution
  • Chernobyl+ Fukushima incidents released dangerous lvls radiation
  • uses huge amounts water cool reactor rods
29
Q

Wind environ cost

A
  • production (made out steel)+ installation (transported diesel trucks) =lrg carbon footprint impacting environ
  • harmful to wildlife- birds Quarrendon Field, Aylesbury (UK)
30
Q

Nuclear (recyclable) environ benefits

A

-Fr 75% domestic energy-> cleanest air SW EU

31
Q

Solar environ benefits

A
  • safe, clean+ non-polluting once made+ installed

- India huge potential

32
Q

Wind environ benefits

A

-once production+ installation CO2 emissions extremely low

33
Q

Energy pathway

A

-flow between producer+ consumer