EQ3- Tectonics

Question 1

Multiple-hazard zone

Answer 1

Places where no. physical hazards combine to create increased lvl risk for country+ pop

Question 2

Disaster hotspots

Answer 2

If country’s pop= vulnerable (wealth/ GDP, pop density etc) or suffers repeated events (often on annual basis) so never any time for an extended period recovery

Question 3

Philippines (CS) as multiple-hazard zone (physical vulnerabilities)

Answer 3

-WRI (World Resources Inst) 3rd most risk world+ 2015 report 8/10 most at risk cities
-60% land exposed multiple hazards+ 75% pop 1/more
-main risk typhoon as SE Asia major belt 5-6 storms/yr +2%GDP cleaning up- landslides+ floods frequent (linked) due deforestation+ landscape
-across major convergent plate boundary-freq earthquakes+ volcanoes 30% pop within 22km
-7,000+ islands mostly mountainous w/coastal lowlands
-tropical monsoon climate-heavy rain
-N+E coasts face Pacific Ocean worlds most prone tsunami sea
(1 hazard can cause others)

Question 4

Philippines as a multiple-hazard zone (human vulnerabilities)

Answer 4

-lower middle income $7,000 GDP rapidly developing (2014 World Bank)
-25% live poverty+ many poor live coastal prone flooding, sea surges+ tsunamis made worse poor buildings
-rural-urban migration rapid due industrialisation 40%-2007-> 45% 2010- dense,y populated capital Manila 2.8m squatters poor quality housing
-mainly arable land low- value crops 3/4 rice, corn+ coconut majority subsistence farming
-3 natural disasters 3 months Oct 2013, Nov 2013+ Jan 2014 floods drains resources+ ability recover
(Expensive+ complex)

Question 5

Philippines Oct 2013 earthquake Bohol

Answer 5

-7.1 mag deadliest in 23yrs
Soc- 222dead + 976 injured, 2 countries oldest churches damaged
Econ- 73,000 structures damaged+ 14,500 totally destroyed+ roads cut off+ fav tourists cos sandy beaches

Question 6

Philippines Nov 2013 Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 6

-4m storm surge hit coast, 1 strongest storms in history
Econ- est $5.8bn impact, 6m workers lost sources income, major rice, corn+sugar producing areas destroyed, Tacloban city airport severly damaged+ fishing communities 30,000 boats+ equipment destroyed
Soc- 7,000 killed, 1.9m homeless+ 6m displaced, outbreak diseases due poor facilities, less affected areas 2x pop from refugees
Env- 71,000 hectares farmland affected 1,000s tree uprooted-> CO^2+ loss habitat, knocked over Power Barge 103 oil spilling mangrove forest

Question 7

Philippines 2015+2018 Typhoons Koppu+ Usman

Answer 7

-2nd deadliest hit Philippines 2018 hit Bicol SE Manila
Soc- more 60died+ 17 missing-> rise
Econ- destroyed infrastructure

Question 8

Forecasting

Answer 8

Making a guess on prior info (%chance)

Question 9

Prediction

Answer 9

• More accurate than forecasting

- accurate time+ location earthquakes (knowing when+ where)

Question 10

Earthquake forecasting

Answer 10

• only areas high risk can be identified (risk forecasting)+ areas likely severe ground shaking+ liquefaction+ ‘seismic gaps’ areas not experienced earthquake some time ‘overdue’
• Method: animals- observing strange animal antics e.g. 1975 evacuation Haicheng (city, China) 1m ppl days before 7.3 mag quake only small proportion hurt/killed
• however Haiti 300,000 deaths on fault line couldn’t be predicted

Question 11

Volcano prediction

Answer 11

• can be predicted
• sophisticated monitoring equipment measure changes magma fill+ eruption near
• tilt+strain meters record volcanoes ‘bulging’ as magma rises+ seismometers record minor quakes indicating magma movement
• gas spectrometers analyse gas emissions can point increase likelihood eruption
• minimal death toll eruptions despite 60-80/yr as improved prediction
• Monserrat only 11 died 1997 but many false alarms 1995 as andesitic volcano (when not like basaltic predict where lava flow)

Question 12

Tsunamis prediction?

Answer 12

• partly predicted
• earthquake induced can’t be predicted
• but seismometers can tell earthquake occurred+ locate then ocean monitoring equipment can detect open sea, info relayed coastal areas- evacuated
• prediction tsunami+ eruptions depend tech in place+ operational linked systems evacuation
• no monitoring equipment Indian Ocean 2004 so no way warning ppl distant coasts
• many developing countries monitoring not as gd cos cost tech+ more difficult reach isolated rural locations effective warnings

Question 13

Hazard management cycle

Answer 13

Look over notes + compare park model (which is better)

Question 14

Land use zoning (modify event)

Answer 14

• local govt planners regulate how land community used to protect ppl+property (on low-lying coasts risk tsunami etc)
• Pros:low cost, removes ppl high-risk areas
• Cons:prevents econ development some high value land (coastal tourism), requires strict, enforced planning rules

Question 15

Diverting lava flows (modify event)

Answer 15

• channels, barriers+ water cooling used divert+/ slow lava
• Pros: diverts lava out of ‘harm’s’ way, relatively low cost
• Cons: only works low VEI basaltic lava, majority ‘killer’ volcanoes not this type, path taken lava difficult predict, terrain has to be suitable (downslope), stopping lava flowing 1 community may push another

Question 16

GIS Mapping (modify event)

Answer 16

• by plotting pop densities, evacuation routes, areas affected most by earthquakes, airports, ports etc… aid agencies+ govts easily see map form where aid directed+ where might most difficult reach needy communities
• Pros: provides foundation for mapping+ analysis that used science+ almost every industry
• Cons: expensive software, requires enormous data inputs

Question 17

Building design (modify event)

Answer 17

• possible design+ construct buildings withstand tectonic events (deaths=buildings in earthquakes) w/planning, govt monitoring+ control (on building standards) developed+ developing/ emerging countries
• Pros: prevent collapsing, protects ppl+ property, not all hazard-resistant design expensive+high- tech
• Cons: high cost for larger buildings, low income families can’t afford

Question 18

High tech monitoring (modify vulnerability+ resilience)

Answer 18

• allow scientists+ others learn more about natural processes in hope eventually able predict more accurately in advance
• Pros: most cases predicting eruption possible, warnings+ evacuations save lives
• Cons: costly not all developing world volcanoes monitored, may suffer ‘cry wolf syndrome’ if predictions not accurate (wrong so ppl less likely believe next one), doesn’t prevent property damage

Question 19

Crisis mapping (modify vulnerability+resilience)

Answer 19

• local ppl (w/mobile phones text/ Soc media) started logging where trapped under rubble, where food needed/ shelter-> these locations mapped/ numbered on map show aid/rescue workers where needed most help- helped direct resources accurately
• Pros: allows 1st respondents+ aid groups identify ppl need evacuations
• Cons: expensive software, requires enormous data inputs (same GIS mapping)

Question 20

Public education (modify vulnerability+ resilience)

Answer 20

• helps ppl understand what do protect themselves before, during+ after hazard (practice emergency procedures, encouraging households+ workplaces create emergency preparedness kits+ education how construct earthquake proof buildings)
• Pros: pop better educated less unemployment reduced dependence public assistance programs+ greater tax revenue
• Cons: classes geared toward mid- learning lvl may cause advanced students lose interest

Question 21

Community Preparedness and Adaption (modify vulnerability+ resilience)

Answer 21

• community preparedness: involving acc ppl living community most at risk natural hazards best way develop plans plans+ educate ppl
• adaption:moving out of harm’s way+relocating safe area
• Pros: low cost, often implemented NGO’s, can save lives thru small actions
• Cons: doesn’t prevent property damage, harder implement rural, high pop density prevents it+ disrupts ppl trad homes+ trads

Question 22

Role of aid (modify loss)

Answer 22

• can be provided govt (of county or others), NGO’s (charities) or IGO’s (UN) how can best be spent (short/long-term aid)
• Pros: reduced death toll saving lives+ keeping ppl alive until long-term help
• Cons: high cost, difficult distribute isolated areas, emergency services limited+ poorly equipped developing countries+ (long-term) needs quickly forgotten media after initial disaster

Question 23

Role of NGO’s (modify loss)

Answer 23

• e.g. OXFAM/ Red Cross v important where govt doesn’t have ability manage response/ recovery/ resources
• Pros: protect from personal liability, structural financial plan, corporate entity+ right acquire assets
• Cons: pay less, have world rep+ lack appropriate systems train+ develop employees

Question 24

Role of insurers (modify loss)

Answer 24

• developed countries, govt+ insurers work together recover+ respond financial losses, developing= less insurance as ppl other financial priorities as closer absolute poverty
• Pros: allows ppl recover econ by paying reconstruction
• Cons: doesn’t save lives, few ppl developed world insurance

Question 25

Role communities (modify loss)

Answer 25

• local ppl (especially rural developing areas) first respond+ help recovery, crucial helping search/ rescue attempts, aid can take days+ weeks so must know how to react fast
• Pros: vital Soc connection+ engagement, community belonging boosts physical+ mental health resilient communities come together+ adapt
• Cons: community disadvantages result complex interplay between characteristics residents+ effects soc+ environ context within