Energy Balance Flashcards
The basic metabolic rate is influenced by: blood pressure body surface heart rate all of the above
body surface
The basic metabolic rate is influenced by: hormonal metabolism age body surface all 3 statements are valid none of the statements
all 3 statements are valid
Intensification of the basic metabolic rate can be observed: in adapted starvation in hyperthyroidism in adreanal gland hypofunction in older ages
in hyperthyroidism
What is the approximate amount of the basic metabolic rate of a 25 year old, healthy man with 65 kg body weight? 1100 kcal/day 1400 kcal/day 1700 kcal/day 2000 kcal/day 2300 kcal/day
1700 kcal/day
What is the main organ of the regulation of the energetic (caloric) cycle? the lungs the brain the kidneys the bone tissue the adipose tissue
the adipose tissue
Characteristic laboratory alterations in malnutrition: decreased plasma zinc level decreased serum albumin level decreased lymphocyte count all mentioned above none of mentioned
all mentioned above
The postprandial period is characterized by: endogenous glucose source triglyceride-synthesis glycogen break down decreased protein synthesis lipolysis
triglyceride-synthesis
May play a role in cachexia formation: acute myocardial infarction advanced cancer decreased thyroid function increased red blood cell production diabetes mellitus type 2
advanced cancer
May play a role in the catabolic processes characterizing cachexia fatty acid oxidation increased glycation mitochondrial terminal oxidation complement activation ubiquitin-proteosome system
ubiquitin-proteosome system
Daily energy need of a 25 year old, healthy man with 65 kg body weight with average physical activity: 1700 kcal/day 2000 kcal/day 2300 kcal/day 2600 kcal/day 3000 kcal/day
2600 kcal/day
The caloric cycle is characterized, EXCEPT:
amino acids are metabolized to pyruvate
fatty acids can be transformed to glucose
the mass of stored fat exceeds that of stored protein
the mass of glycogen stores does not reach the of 1/20 of stored fat
triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol
fatty acids can be transformed to glucose
In starvation, it is true in relation to the dynamics of nutrient loss EXCEPT:
decreases in stored fat is more rapid compared to that of stored protein
after 8 weeks, the amount of stored fat does not exceed 15% of the starting amount
the reduction of stored protein is accelerated towards the very end of starvation
stored carbohydrate becomes extinct within a few days
the reduction of stored protein is initially slower than that of stored fat
? after 8 weeks, the amount of stored fat does not exceed 15% of the starting amount
Energy need is increased in: wound healing apathy ascites decreased thyroid function
wound healing
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by: increased body temperature decreased cortisol level tachycardia highest frequency in adolescence
highest frequency in adolescence
Kwashiorkor is characterized by: decreased serum albumin level apathia ascites liver steatosis
decreased serum albumin level
apathia
ascites
liver steatosis
Ketosis can be formed as a consequence of: starvation vomiting alcoholism diabetes mellitus type 2
starvation
vomiting
alcoholism
CORRECT statements about ketone bodies:
in starvation, they are important energy source for neurons
their concentration is the highest in the postabsorption stage of starvation
the smell of exhaled air can indicate their presence during physical examination
the largest ketone body user is the liver
in starvation, they are important energy source for neurons
the smell of exhaled air can indicate their presence during physical examination
CORRECT statements about substrate level regulation of the caloric cycle:
elevated glucose level inhibits fatty acid synthesis
elevated fatty acid levels inhibits cellular glucose uptake
products of β-oxidation inhibit gluconeogenesis
elevated fatty acid levels enhance glycogenolysis
elevated fatty acid levels inhibits cellular glucose uptake
elevated fatty acid levels enhance glycogenolysis
CORRECT statements about hormonal level regulation of the caloric cycle:
insulin has a lipolytic effect
glucagon enhances gluconeogenesis
insulin inhibits protein synthesis
epinephrine (adrenalin) has a lipolytic effect
glucagon enhances gluconeogenesis
epinephrine (adrenalin) has a lipolytic effect
The postabsorption stage of the alimentation cycle is characterized by:
low insulin/glucagon ratio
decreasing fatty acid supply
glycogenolysis
in the muscles, the energy source tissue is primarily glucose
low insulin/glucagon ratio
glycogenolysis
The postabsorption stage of the alimentation cycle is characterized by:
in the muscles, glucose uptake is decreased
unchanged glucose utilization in the medulla of the kidneys
increasing ketone body production in the liver
the brain primarily utilizes fatty acids as energy source
in the muscles, glucose uptake is decreased
unchanged glucose utilization in the medulla of the kidneys
Early, non adapted starvation is characterized by:
decreased glucose utilization in red blood cells
enhanced glycogenolysis in the liver
decreased ketone body utilization in the brain
gluconeogenesis in the liver and in kidney cortex
gluconeogenesis in the liver and in kidney cortex
True statements about the leptin gene: it is coded by the ob-gene leptin-resistance is presumed in obesity it affects hypophysis function it is produced in insufficient amounts in obesity
it is coded by the ob-gene
leptin-resistance is presumed in obesity
it is produced in insufficient amounts in obesity
Effect(s) of leptin: decrease hunger sensation increases physical activity increases heat emission decreases heat generation
decrease hunger sensation
increases heat emission