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Pathophysiology 1 MCQ > Atherosclerosis 2 > Flashcards

Atherosclerosis 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements are true?
Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of medium or large arteries
Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of small arteries
Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatosus plaque formation
Arteriolosclerosis is a hardening of medium arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of medium or large arteries

Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatosus plaque formation

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2
Q

Which of the following statements are NOT true?
Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of medium or large arteries
Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of small arteries
Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatosus plaque formation
Arteriolosclerosis is a hardening of medium arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of small arteries

Arteriolosclerosis is a hardening of medium arteries

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3
Q

Which of the following statements are true?
Arteriolosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of small arteries
Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of medium or large arteries
Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatosus plaque formation
Arteriosclerosis is a hardening of small arteries

A

Arteriolosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of small arteries
Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of medium or large arteries
Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatosus plaque formation

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4
Q 
 The clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis:
 stroke
 dissection of the aorta
 arteriosclerosis obliterans
 diabetes mellitus
A

stroke

dissection of the aorta

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5
Q 
 The clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis:
 Addison-kór
 myocardial infaction
 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
 acute mesenteric ischemia
A

myocardial infaction

acute mesenteric ischemia

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6
Q 
 Non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 age
 gender
 family history
 Caucasian race
A

age
gender
family history

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7
Q 
 Non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 hypertension
 female gender
 diabetes mellitus
    family history
A

female gender

family history
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8
Q 
 Non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 dyslipidemia
 hypertension
 obesity
 age
A

age

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9
Q 
 Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 dyslipidemia
 hypertension
 obesity
 age
A

dyslipidemia
hypertension
obesity

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10
Q 
 Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 smoking
 heavy alcohol drinking
 sedentary lifestyle
 diabetes mellitus
A

smoking
heavy alcohol drinking
sedentary lifestyle
diabetes mellitus

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11
Q 
 Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 dyslipidemia
 obesity
 hypertension
 low income
A

dyslipidemia
obesity
hypertension

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12
Q 
 Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
 Herpes virus infection
 CMV infection
 Hepatitis B infection
A

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
Herpes virus infection
CMV infection

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13
Q 
 Dyslipidemia which promotes atherosclerosis:
 VLDL↑
 LDL↑
 HDL ↓
 IDL↑
A

LDL↑

HDL ↓

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14
Q 
 Characteristic features of atherogenic dyslipidemia:
 elevated serum TG level
 presence of small LDL in the serum
 decreased serum level of HDL
 Dysfibrinogenemia
A

elevated serum TG level

presence of small LDL in the serum

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15
Q 
 Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
 elevated serum homocysteine
 elevated serum glucose
 psychosocial stress
 higher education
A

elevated serum glucose

psychosocial stress

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16
Q 
 Components of the atherosclerotic plaque:
 smooth muscle cells
 macrophages
 lymphocytes
 cholesterol crystals
A

smooth muscle cells
macrophages
lymphocytes
cholesterol crystals

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17
Q 
 Components of the atherosclerotic plaque:
 calcium 
 dendritic cells
 foam cells
 eosinophilic granulocytes
A

calcium

foam cells

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18
Q 
 Components of the atherosclerotic plaque:
 smooth muscle cells
 macrophages
 lymphocytes
 eosinophilic granulocytes
A

smooth muscle cells
macrophages
lymphocytes

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19
Q 
 NOT components of atherosclerotic plaque:
 calcium 
 dendritic cells
 foam cells
 eosinophilic granulocytes
A

dendritic cells

eosinophilic granulocytes

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20
Q

Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to lipid theory?
Infiltration of LDL into the arterial wall
The change of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio
The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation

A

Infiltration of LDL into the arterial wall

The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages

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21
Q

Evidences supporting the lipid or infiltration theory:
cholesterol is found in the atherosclerotic vessel wall
epidemiologic observations
evidences of animal experiments
intervention studies

A

cholesterol is found in the atherosclerotic vessel wall
epidemiologic observations
evidences of animal experiments
intervention studies

22
Q

Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to thrombogenic theory?
Changes of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio
Infiltration of LDL into the arterial wall
Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages

A

Changes of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio

Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation

23
Q

Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to thrombogenic theory?
Hyaluronic acid content of intracellular matrix decreases
Changes of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio
Changes of the composition of extracellular matrix in vascular intima and media
Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation

A

Hyaluronic acid content of intracellular matrix decreases

Changes of the composition of extracellular matrix in vascular intima and media

24
Q

Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to mesenchymal theory?
Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
Collagen fiber content is increased, while elastic fiber content is decreased in the intima and in the media
The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
Decrease of the heparin/heparane sulphate content of vessels

A

Collagen fiber content is increased, while elastic fiber content is decreased in the intima and in the media

Decrease of the heparin/heparane sulphate content of vessels

25
     Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the vessels?      Stress → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Smoking - nicotine → potentiates catecholamine effect → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall      Hyperlipidemia → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
     Smoking - nicotine → potentiates catecholamine effect → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
26
     Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the vessels?      Caffeine → dilation of vasa vasorum → increased collagen synthesis      Smoking - nicotine → decreased NO production → hypoxia      Hyperlipidemia → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
     Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
27
     Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the vessels?      Catecholamine → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Smoking - nicotine → decreased NO production → hypoxia      Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall      Hyperlipidemia → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
     Catecholamine → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
28
     Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the vessels?      Catecholamine → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Caffeine → dilation of vasa vasorum → increased collagen synthesis      Smoking - nicotine → potentiates catecholamine effect → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Hypertension → increased elasticity of vascular wall
     Catecholamine → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia      Smoking - nicotine → potentiates catecholamine effect → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
29
     Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the aging theory:      The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging      The endothelial endothelin production is decreased by aging      The endothelial NO production is decreased by aging      Micro-injuries on vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
     The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging
30
     Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the aging theory:      The endothelial endothelin production is increased by aging      The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging      The endothelial NO production is decreased by aging      The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
     The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging
31
     Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the aging theory?      The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages      The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging      Micro-injuries on vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation      The changed composition of EC matrix potentiates platelets adhesion and aggregation
     The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging
32
```      Which of the following pathogens play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the inflammation theory?      Cytomegalovirus (CMV)      Herpes simplex virus (HSV1, HSV2)      Chlamydia pneumoniae      HBV ```
     Cytomegalovirus (CMV)      Herpes simplex virus (HSV1, HSV2)      Chlamydia pneumoniae
33
```      Which of the following pathogens play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the inflammation theory?      Helicobacter pylori      HCV      Chlamydia pneumoniae      HBV ```
     Helicobacter pylori      Chlamydia pneumoniae
34
```      Which of the following pathogens do NOT play a role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the inflammation theory?      Cytomegalovirus (CMV)      Herpes simplex virus (HSV1, HSV2)      Chlamydia pneumoniae      HBV ```
HBV
35
```      Which of the following pathogens do NOT play a role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the inflammation theory?      Helicobacter pylori      HCV      Chlamydia pneumoniae      HBV ```
HCV | HBV
36
     Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the response to injury hypothesis:      Endothelial injury induces platelet activation      Mediators released from activated platelets induce smooth muscle cell migration from the media into the intima      Composition of EC matrix is changed due to chronic inflammation      The changed EC matrix causes lipid deposition
     Mediators released from activated platelets induce smooth muscle cell migration from the media into the intima      Composition of EC matrix is changed due to chronic inflammation
37
     Evidences supporting the response to injury hypothesis:      Atherosclerotic plaques contain cholesterol crystals      Distribution of the atherosclerotic plaques      The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages      Decreased endothelial production of NO/PGI2
     Atherosclerotic plaques contain cholesterol crystals      Decreased endothelial production of NO/PGI2
38
     Evidences supporting the response to injury hypothesis:      Plaques develop in areas with increased shear stress      Atherosclerotic plaques contain cholesterol crystals      The risk to develop atherosclerosis is higher in those diseases which cause endothelial dysfunction      Atherosclerotic plaques contain lymphocytes
     Atherosclerotic plaques contain cholesterol crystals      The risk to develop atherosclerosis is higher in those diseases which cause endothelial dysfunction      Atherosclerotic plaques contain lymphocytes
39
     The possible causes of the endothelial dysfunction based on the response to injury hypothesis:      Modified LDL (ox-LDL, small-LDL)      Pathogenic microorganisms (CMV, Chlamydia pneumoniae, etc)      Genetic alterations      Increased serum HDL concentration
     Modified LDL (ox-LDL, small-LDL)      Pathogenic microorganisms (CMV, Chlamydia pneumoniae, etc)      Genetic alterations
40
     The possible causes of the endothelial dysfunction based on the response to injury hypothesis:      Mechanical injuries      Micro-injuries on vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation      Increased serum homocystein concentration      Increased serum VLDL concentration
     Mechanical injuries      Increased serum homocystein concentration
41
     True statements about the unifying hypothesis:      The hypothesis unifies the lipid and the response to injury theories      The essence of this hypothesis is: the thrombogenic- and mesenchymal theories have common components      Modified LDL can also cause endothelial dysfunction      Smooth muscle cells in the plaque have clonal origin
     The hypothesis unifies the lipid and the response to injury theories
42
     The atherogenic effect of homocysteine:      Homocysteine inhibits binding of tPA and decreases fibrinolysis      Homocysteine stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells      It inhibits endothelial functions      Homocysteine increases thrombomodulin expression and activity, therefore increases the activation of protein C
     Homocysteine inhibits binding of tPA and decreases fibrinolysis      Homocysteine stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells      It inhibits endothelial functions
43
     The atherogenic effect of homocysteine:      it damages the endothelium      it decreases collagen synthesis in vessels      it is prothrombotic      it inhibits the proliferation of smooth muscle cells
     it damages the endothelium      it is prothrombotic
44
     The atherogenic effect of homocysteine:      it inhibits platelet aggregation      it increases collagen synthesis in vessels      it inhibits the migration and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells      it increases the amount of ox-LDL by lipid peroxidation
     it increases collagen synthesis in vessels      it increases the amount of ox-LDL by lipid peroxidation
45
     The role of ox-LDL in the development of atherosclerosis:      it decreases the endothelial PGI2/NO synthesis      it stimulates the migration and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells      it has chemotactic effect      it increases the proliferation of macrophages
     it decreases the endothelial PGI2/NO synthesis | I personally think it has chemotactic effect too...?
46
     True statements about the metabolic syndrome:      It is not a disease, but rather a cluster of disorders of your body’s metabolism      the pear type obesity has higher risk      concomitance of certain risk factors dramatically increases the risk for ischemic heart diseases      Se LDL concentration is essential to diagnose metabolic syndrome
     It is not a disease, but rather a cluster of disorders of your body’s metabolism      Se LDL concentration is essential to diagnose metabolic syndrome
47
```      Waist circumference for clinical diagnosis of metabolic syndrome:      in men: 102 cm      in women: 80 cm      in women: 88 cm      in men: 105 cm ```
     in men: 102 cm      in women: 88 cm
48
```      Essential parameters to diagnose metabolic syndrome:      Se HDL: > 1.4 mM      visceral obesity      Se LDL: > 2.4 mM      Se TG: > 1.7 mM ```
     visceral obesity      Se TG: > 1.7 mM
49
     Essential diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome:      fasting blood glucose: > 5.6 mM      waist circumference in men > 102 cm; in woman: > 88 cm      Se HDL in men: < 1.0 mM; in woman: < 1.3 mM      Se TG: < 1.7 mM
     fasting blood glucose: > 5.6 mM      waist circumference in men > 102 cm; in woman: > 88 cm      Se HDL in men: < 1.0 mM; in woman: < 1.3 mM
50
     Essential diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome:      RR: > 135/85 Hgmm      waist circumference in men: > 102 cm; in women: > 88 cm      Se HDL in men: < 1.0 mM; in women: < 1.3 mM      Se TG: < 1.7 mM
     RR: > 135/85 Hgmm      waist circumference in men: > 102 cm; in women: > 88 cm      Se HDL in men: < 1.0 mM; in women: < 1.3 mM
51
```      Which factors increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome?      age      smoking      polycystic ovarium syndrome      hyperthyroidism ```
     age      polycystic ovarium syndrome

Pathophysiology 1 MCQ (16 decks)

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