Diabetes Flashcards
Which statements are true about Diabetes?
It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
It is the main cause of endstage renal disease
It is the main cause of blindness in adults
It is a major cause of non-traumatic limb amputation
It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
(? It is the main cause of endstage renal disease ?)
It is the main cause of blindness in adults
It is a major cause of non-traumatic limb amputation
Which are the actions of Insulin?
It increases triglyceride synthesis in the adipose tissue
It increases the glycogen synthesis in muuscle
It inhibits the production of ketone bodies in the liver
It increases the glucose uptake in beta cells in the pancreas
It increases triglyceride synthesis in the adipose tissue
It increases the glycogen synthesis in muuscle
What is C peptide?
A cleavage product of proinsulin
A synonym of C-reactive protein
A synonym of the anticoagulant Protein C
It is synonymous to anti-insulin antibody
A cleavage product of proinsulin
Which statements are true about Idiopathic type I diabetes?
It is a rare disease
No evidence of autoimmunity is present
Severe insulin deficinecy may be present, but insulin requirement widely varies
The etiology is well known
It is a rare disease
No evidence of autoimmunity is present
Severe insulin deficinecy may be present, but insulin requirement widely varies
Which are the acute complications of diabetes?
diabetic ketoacidic coma
diabetic hyperosmolar (non-ketotic) coma
Lactic acidosis
renal failure
diabetic ketoacidic coma diabetic hyperosmolar (non-ketotic) coma Lactic acidosis
What kind of autoantibodies are commonly found in type 1 diabetes? islet cell autoantibodies glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) insulin receptor autoantibodies are the most common autoantibodies
islet cell autoantibodies glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies insulin autoantibodies (IAAs)
Which statements are true about type 1 Diabetes?
Insulin is needed for survival
It starts with a sudden onset
It accounts for 20% of diabetes
Insulin resistance is the chief characteristic of type 1 diabetes
Insulin is needed for survival
It starts with a sudden onset
Which statements are true about type 1 diabetes?
Patients are prone to ketosis
The disease mostly occurs in children or in the youth
Since insulin is administered, no dietary changes are necessary
Genetic determination of susceptibility plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease
Patients are prone to ketosis
The disease mostly occurs in children or in the youth
Genetic determination of susceptibility plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease
What does “honeymoon phase “ mean in type 1 diabetes?
A phase of low insulin requirement following the start of insulin treatment, when the preserved beta cells still produce insulin
A phase when the patient does not require insulin treatment
A stage when the autoantibodies disappear
A phase when the patient has no symptoms
A phase of low insulin requirement following the start of insulin treatment, when the preserved beta cells still produce insulin
Which statements are true about type 2 diabetes
Insulin level may be low, normal or elevated
Many patients are overweight or obese
It often cause ketoacidosis
There is strong correlation between type 2 diabetes and specific HLA haplotypes
Insulin level may be low, normal or elevated
Many patients are overweight or obese
Which statements are true about type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of the disease
Genetic predisposition is stronger for type 2 than in type 1 diabetes
Late complication may be detectable at the time of diagnosis
It never occurs in children
Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of the disease
Genetic predisposition is stronger for type 2 than in type 1 diabetes
Late complication may be detectable at the time of diagnosis
Which statements are true about gestational diabetes?
Blood glucose levels usually normalize after the birth of the baby
The prevalence of gestational diabetes is 2-4%
It is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Recurrrence rate during a subsequent pregnancy is 1%
Blood glucose levels usually normalize after the birth of the baby
The prevalence of gestational diabetes is 2-4% (LECTURE: 5-9%, but it is close, so I don’t know)
It is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Which statements are true about glycemic index?
It is important to know the glycemic index of foods in diabetes
High glycemic index foods increase the blood sugar faster than low glycemic foods
High glycemic foods increase the blood sugar for a longer period
Only the glycemic index is important in the diet of diabetic patients and not the absolute amount of carbohydrates
It is important to know the glycemic index of foods in diabetes
High glycemic index foods increase the blood sugar faster than low glycemic foods
Which statements are true about GLUT 4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells?
Insulin binding to insulin receptor strimulates the translocation of GLUT4 transportersis responsible for (RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT?)
Physical exercise promotes GLUT4 translocation in an insulin-independent fashion
Physical exercise promotes GLUT4 translocation via an insulin-dependent mechanism
Physical exercise does not affect the translocation of GLUT4 transporters
Physical exercise promotes GLUT4 translocation via an insulin-dependent mechanism
Hypoglycemia may cause the following: Tachycardia Confusion Muscle cramps Dry, warm skin
Tachycardia
Confusion
Muscle cramps
What is the role of IRS (insulin receptor substrate) in the development of insulin resistance:
TNF-alpha induces IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine residues that cause insulin resistance
Excessive amount of fatty acids induce serine phosphorylation of IRS1 and cause insulin resistance
If IRS1 is phosphorylated at any site it will cause insulin resistance
IRS1 plays a key role in insulin signalling but it is not involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance
TNF-alpha induces IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine residues that cause insulin resistance
What are the chronic complications of diabetes? Retinopathy Nephropathy Ischemic heart disease Idiopathic myelofibrosis
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Ischemic heart disease
What statements are true about LADA? Autoantibodies are detectable in LADA It begins over the age of 30-35 years Oral antidiabetics may be sufficient in the beginning of the disease It is synonymous to MODY
Autoantibodies are detectable in LADA
It begins over the age of 30-35 years
Oral antidiabetics may be sufficient in the beginning of the disease
Which genetic syndromes are sometimes associated with diabetes? Turner syndrome Down syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Duchenne syndrome
Turner syndrome
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Which gene's polymorphism affect the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes? MDA5 OAS1 IFIH1 PMN2
MDA5
OAS1
IFIH1
Which ones are the microvascular complications of diabetes? Retinopathy Nephropahty Neuropahty Coronary sclerosis
Retinopathy
Nephropahty
Neuropahty
Which statements are true about LADA?
Its clinical presentation resembles type 2 diabetes
LADA patients will require insulin treatment during their lifetime
It occurs only in Asian people
Autoantibodies are never detectable
LADA patients will require insulin treatment during their lifetime
Which of the following may be a symptom of diabetes? Recurring candida infections in infants Pruritus vulvae unconsciousness ketosis
Recurring candida infections in infants
Pruritus vulvae
unconsciousness
ketosis
What are the consensus criteria of ketoacidosis in children?
Blood sugar > 11.0 mmol/l
pH < 7.3 or plasma bicarbonate <15 mmol/l
ketosis or ketonuria
Detectable GAD antibody
Blood sugar > 11.0 mmol/l
pH < 7.3 or plasma bicarbonate <15 mmol/l
ketosis or ketonuria
