Endocrine System Disorders

Question 1

Insulin Action

Answer 1

Regulates glucose homeostasis. Drives glucose uptake, glucogenesis and energy store by binding to cells and triggering second messengers

Question 2

Alpha cells function

Answer 2

Excretes glucagon, raises blood glucose (glucogenesis and glycolysis (break down of glucose stores)), stimulates insulin. Inhibited by somatostatin

Question 3

Beta Cells Functions

Answer 3

Secretes insulin, lowers blood glucose. Stimulated by glucagon and inhibited by somatostatin. Secretes amylin to slow stomach emptying

Question 4

Delta Cella Function

Answer 4

Secretes somatostatin (growth-inhibiting-hormone) inhibiting insulin and glucagon. Blocks growth stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 5

PP cells Function

Answer 5

Secrete polypeptides

Question 6

Hyperinsulinism

Answer 6

Too much insulin produced, results in hypoglycemia. Causes: development (congenital, transient neogenial (temporary)), genetics (KATP channels and glucokinase mutations), tumours (insulin producing) and drug induced

Question 7

What part of nervous system regulates blood glucose

Answer 7

Autonomic NS

Question 8

GI Hormones that regulate insulin release (Incretins)

Answer 8

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (increases insulin after eating) and Glucagon Like-Peptide (increases insulin after meals)

Question 9

Insulin Dependent Diabetes (Type 1)

Answer 9

Immune system destroys beta cells. No insulin produced

Question 10

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes (Type 2)

Answer 10

2 forms. Cells become resistant to insulin or pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to keep up with blood glucose levels

Question 11

Insulin resistance in liver and skeletal muscle

Answer 11

Liver doesn’t reduce glucose made significantly and skeletal muscles don’t take up enough glucose

Question 12

Diabetes Complications

Answer 12

Heart Disease, Stroke, Nerve Damage and Rhienopathy

Question 13

Composition of Thyroid Hormones

Answer 13

Thyroglobulin (protein) and iodine

Question 14

Parathyroid Hormone Function

Answer 14

Increases calcium levels in blood. Stimulates osteoclasts

Question 15

Calcitonin Production and Function

Answer 15

Produced by c-cells in thyroid. Decreases blood Calcium by decreasing Ca released from bones (inhibiting osteoclasts)

Question 16

T3 and T4 Effects on Metabolism

Answer 16

Breakdown carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Helps insulin, glucagon and glucocorticoids

Question 17

Hyperthyroidism Outline

Answer 17

Caused by Grave’s disease (autoimmune due to thyroid stimulating autoantibodies - mimics TSH). Thyroid gland swells due to too much thyroid hormone resulting in goiter and increased metabolic activity. Decreased serum TSH and increased serum T3 and T4

Question 18

Hypothyroidism Outline

Answer 18

3 types. Primary = thyroid issue, secondary = pituitary gland, third = hypothalamus. It can also result from resistance. Increased serum TSH and decreased serum T3 and T4. Goiter and decreased metabolism

Question 19

Glucocorticoids- Cortisol Functions

Answer 19

Released during stress or when blood glucocorticoid levels are low. Inhibits CRH and ACTH (negative feedback)

Question 20

Glucocorticoids Function

Answer 20

Promotes glucogenesis (increases blood sugar), breakdown fats and proteins, reduces glucose uptake and immunosupression

Question 21

Glucocorticoids Clinical use

Answer 21

Replace adrenal hormones (eg in addison’s disease eg cortisol and aldesterone), anti-inflammatory, reduces swellings from tumours and helps fetal lung development

Question 22

Addison’s Disease Ouline

Answer 22

Autoimmune reaction attacks adrenal gland destroying steroid hormones (eg cortisol and aldesterone). Results in low blood pressure, muscle weakness, hyperpigmintation and weight loss. Blood tests show low plasma cortisol and high plasma adrenocorticoid stimulating hormone. Treated by lifelong corticoid replacement therapy