Blood Formation

Question 1

Blood Def.

Answer 1

A specialised connective tissue. Distributed throughout entire body

Question 2

Blood Body Weight %, Temperature, pH

Answer 2

8%. 38 degrees celcius. pH 7.45

Question 3

Plasma % of net blood composition

Answer 3

55%. Liquid component of blood where cell are suspended

Question 4

Plasma Composition

Answer 4

Aqueous solution contains gases, salts, protein, carbohydrate, lipid

Question 5

% Cellular/Formed Elements in blood

Answer 5

45%

Question 6

Formed Elements Compositions

Answer 6

Erythrocytes (99%), Leukocytes (1%) and platelets (>1%)

Question 7

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis Def.

Answer 7

Production and development of new blood cells

Question 8

Erythrocyte Development Stages

Answer 8

(multipotent to) myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte

Question 9

Thrombocyte Development Stages

Answer 9

(multipotent to) myeloid stem cell to Megakaryocyte (thrombocytes are fragments off megakaryocye)

Question 10

Monocyte/ Macrophage Development Stages

Answer 10

(multipotent to) Myeloid stem cell to monocyte

Question 11

3 Granulocytes

Answer 11

Basophile Eosinophil and neutrophil

Question 12

Granulocyte Development

Answer 12

(Multitpotent to) myeloid stem cell to Basophil/Eosinophil/ Neutrophil

Question 13

Dendritic Cell Development

Answer 13

(multipotent to) myeloid/ lymphatic stem cell to dendretic cell

Question 14

Lymphocyte

Answer 14

(multipotent to) lymphatic stem cell to lymphocyte

Question 15

Erythropoiesis Def. + Start and End points

Answer 15

Red blood cell productions. Multipotent Stem Cells (to Myeloid Stem Cells) to Erythrocyte.

Question 16

Erythropoiesis Growth Factor

Answer 16

Erythropoietin. Also influence by B12, folate, amino acid and iron

Question 17

Thrombopoiesis Def + start and end points

Answer 17

Thrombocytes (platelets) platelets production. Multipotent Stem Cells ( to myeloid stem cells) to thrombocytes

Question 18

Thrombopoiesis Growth Stimulant

Answer 18

Thrombopoietin (hormone produced by liver). Increases number of megakaryocytes (which produces platelets

Question 19

Leukopoiesis Definition. Start and end point

Answer 19

The formation of white blood cells. Multipotent stem cells ( to Lymphatic stem cells) lymphocytes/dendritic cells. New lymphocytes can exist from preexisting lymphocytes in lymph nodes

Question 20

Leukopoiesis Growth Stimulant

Answer 20

Colony Stimulating Factors, Interleukins, prostaglandis

Question 21

Multipotent Stem Cells Def.

Answer 21

Differentiates into different blood cells. Grow and divide in suitable enviroments

Question 22

Sites of Hemopoiesis during development

Answer 22

Embryo - yolk sac, prenatal- liver/spleen/lymphnode, children - marrow of long bones (eg tibia), adults - red bone marrow eg pelvis

Question 23

Erythropoiesis Def.

Answer 23

Kidneys detect O2 in blood, secrete erythropoietin into blood, erythropoiesis stimulated in bone marrow, additional erythrocytes increase O2 in blood, increased O2 reduces erythropoieten in blood

Question 24

Blood Types

Answer 24

A+ , A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ , O-

Question 25

Antigen Def. + 2 types

Answer 25

Complex sugars that determine blood type. ABO and Rhesus (+/-)

Question 26

Types of Rhesus Antigen

Answer 26

C, c, D (most antigenic), E, e

Question 27

Most Common + Least Common Blood Type

Answer 27

O+ and AB-

Question 28

Antibodies Def.

Answer 28

Specialised molecules produced by immune system to attack foreign antigen (eg type A blood produces anti-B antigens)

Question 29

What happens when incompatible blood types mix (cells)

Answer 29

erythrocyte agglutination (clumping) or haemolysis (rupture

Question 30

What happpens when incompatatble blood types mix (patients)

Answer 30

rise in plasma bilirubin, renal damage or death

Question 31

2 Compatibility Tests before transfusion

Answer 31

Blood Grouping + Cross Matching

Question 32

Blood grouping Outline

Answer 32

Expose blood samples to anti-sera containing different anti-bodies. Blood type identified by agglutination (antigen present ) or no change (antigen absent)

Question 33

Cross-Matching Outline

Answer 33

Donor + recipient blood samples mixed. Aggulation occurring means bloods are incompatible

Question 34

Consequences of unmedicated birth of Rh+ baby to Rh- parent

Answer 34

Fetus blood mixes with mothers. Mother produces antibodies (which commit to memory). In future Rh+ pregnancies fetus will be killed (/experience anemia/ jaundice) by anti-Rh antigens crossing placenta

Question 35

Treatment for mother during birth of Rh+

Answer 35

Give mother Rh+ antibodies. Her body doesn't make them/commit to memeory