Endocrine System Flashcards
acr/o
extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point
adren/o
adrenal glands
crin/o
secrete
-dipsia
thirst
glyc/o
glucose, sugar
gonad/o
gonad, sex glands
-ism
condition, state of
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
poly-
many
somat/o
body
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
acromegaly
rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Addison’s disease
a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal glands
aldosteronism
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland; helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
calcitonin
secreted by the thyroid gland; hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
corticosteroids
steroid hormones produces by the adrenal cortex
cortisol
also known as hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action; also helps regulate the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins in the body
cretinism
congenital form of hypothyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome
a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
diabetes insipidus
an uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone.
diabetes mellitus
a group of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2)
diabetic ketoacidosis
a life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a buildup of acids (called ketones) in the blood
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
electrolytes
mineral substances–calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium–that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids
epinephrine
also known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear
estrogen
hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle
exophthalmos
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulating the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female; in the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (testes)
fructosamine test
a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past three weeks
gestational diabetes mellitus
a form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty
glucagon
hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream; increases the glucose level by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream
glucose
basic form of energy used by the body
Graves’ disease
a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
growth hormone
aka somatotropic hormone; regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
gynecomastia
the condition of excessive mammary development in the male
Hashimoto’s disease
an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
hypercalcemia
abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth
hyperglycemia
an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
hyperinsulinism
a condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
hyperpituitarism
the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
hyperthyroidism
the overproduction of thyroid hormones
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
hypothyroidism
a condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion
insulin
hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream
insulinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin, causing hypoglycemia
ketosis
a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands
leptin
hormone secreted by fat calls that is involved in the regulation of appetite
luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovulation in the female; in the male, stimulates the secretion of testosterone
myxedema
a severe form of adult hypothyroidism caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
norepinephrine
released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth; after childbirth, it controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary glands
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
parathyroidectomy
surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands
pituitary adenoma
slow-growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland, functional pituitary tumors often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyphagia
excessive hunger
polyuria
excessive urination
prediabetes
condition in which the BGL is higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
progesterone
hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary its function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy
prolactinoma
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin
puberty
process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing; marked by maturing of the genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, and the first occurrence of menstruation in the female
radioactive iodine treatment
oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
steroids
a large family of hormones derived from cholesterol
testosterone
steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
thymosin
plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
thyroxine
one of two primary thyroid hormones (the other is triiodothyronine) that regulates the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems
