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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acr/o

A

extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point

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2
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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3
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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4
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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5
Q

glyc/o

A

glucose, sugar

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6
Q

gonad/o

A

gonad, sex glands

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7
Q

-ism

A

condition, state of

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8
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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9
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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10
Q

pineal/o

A

pineal gland

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11
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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12
Q

poly-

A

many

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13
Q

somat/o

A

body

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14
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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15
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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16
Q

acromegaly

A

rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

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17
Q

Addison’s disease

A

a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone

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18
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of the adrenal glands

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19
Q

aldosteronism

A

an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

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20
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland; helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

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21
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth

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22
Q

corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones produces by the adrenal cortex

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23
Q

cortisol

A

also known as hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action; also helps regulate the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins in the body

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24
Q

cretinism

A

congenital form of hypothyroidism

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25
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

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26
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

an uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone.

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27
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a group of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2)

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28
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

a life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a buildup of acids (called ketones) in the blood

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29
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes

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30
Q

electrolytes

A

mineral substances–calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium–that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids

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31
Q

epinephrine

A

also known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear

32
Q

estrogen

A

hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

33
Q

exophthalmos

A

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

34
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

stimulating the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female; in the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (testes)

35
Q

fructosamine test

A

a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past three weeks

36
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus

A

a form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies

37
Q

gigantism

A

abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty

38
Q

glucagon

A

hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream; increases the glucose level by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream

39
Q

glucose

A

basic form of energy used by the body

40
Q

Graves’ disease

A

a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

41
Q

growth hormone

A

aka somatotropic hormone; regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

42
Q

gynecomastia

A

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

43
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

44
Q

hypercalcemia

A

abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth

45
Q

hyperglycemia

A

an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

46
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

a condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

47
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

48
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

the overproduction of thyroid hormones

49
Q

hypoglycemia

A

an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

50
Q

hypothyroidism

A

a condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion

51
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream

52
Q

insulinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin, causing hypoglycemia

53
Q

ketosis

A

a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

54
Q

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A

a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands

55
Q

leptin

A

hormone secreted by fat calls that is involved in the regulation of appetite

56
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

stimulates ovulation in the female; in the male, stimulates the secretion of testosterone

57
Q

myxedema

A

a severe form of adult hypothyroidism caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion

58
Q

norepinephrine

A

released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system

59
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth; after childbirth, it controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary glands

60
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

61
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands

62
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

slow-growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland, functional pituitary tumors often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts

63
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

64
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

65
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

66
Q

prediabetes

A

condition in which the BGL is higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

67
Q

progesterone

A

hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary its function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy

68
Q

prolactinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin

69
Q

puberty

A

process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing; marked by maturing of the genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics, and the first occurrence of menstruation in the female

70
Q

radioactive iodine treatment

A

oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

71
Q

steroids

A

a large family of hormones derived from cholesterol

72
Q

testosterone

A

steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

73
Q

thymectomy

A

surgical removal of the thymus gland

74
Q

thymosin

A

plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

75
Q

thyroxine

A

one of two primary thyroid hormones (the other is triiodothyronine) that regulates the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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