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Medical Terminology > Challenging Terms (MidTerm) > Flashcards

Challenging Terms (MidTerm) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Intermittent Claudication:

A

Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.

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2
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscle that control movement affecting the nervous system

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3
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles

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4
Q

Myofascial release

A

A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome

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5
Q

polymyositis

A

muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weaking of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

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6
Q

singultus

A

myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm

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7
Q

torticollis

A

a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

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8
Q

Leukemia

A

A type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal white blood cells found in bloodforming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood.

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9
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

The occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

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10
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

A

A type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

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11
Q

Angioplasty

A

A technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

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12
Q

Embolus

A

A foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quanity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood

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13
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress.

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14
Q

Supraventricular tachycardia

A

A very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles

Cor

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15
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

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16
Q

Lymphangioma

A

A benign tumor formed by a abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system.

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17
Q

Varicella

A

A highly contagious infection caused by the herpesvirus Varicella zoster; also known as chickenpox

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18
Q

Herpes zoster

A

An acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve.

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19
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

A disease caused by a parasite most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated feces

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20
Q

Interferons

A

Produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

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21
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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22
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

a type of herpesvirus found in most body fluids

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23
Q

Rubella

A

A viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash.

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24
Q

Immunotherapy

A

A disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune system

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25
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

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26
Q

cytokines

A

a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells; these cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

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27
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of teh lymphatic vessels

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28
Q

Rabies

A

An acute viral infeciton transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal

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29
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

A cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocutes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

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30
Q

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

A

treatment of osteoporosis-related compression fractures by injecting bone cement to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column

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31
Q

Fistula

A

An abnormal passage usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body

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32
Q

Communicable disease

A

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.

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33
Q

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.

A

mesentery

34
Q

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.

A

iatrogenic illness

35
Q

-plasia

A

development, growth, formation

36
Q

the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions.

A

etiology

37
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in he number of cells in a tissue or organ.

38
Q

anomaly

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal.

39
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower part of the body.

40
Q

path/o and -pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

41
Q

peritoneum

A

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

42
Q

avascular necrosis

A

an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

43
Q

combining form for synovial membrane, synovial fluid

A

synovi/o, synov/o

44
Q

juvenile idiopathic arthritis

A

an autoimmune disorder affecting children aged 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue.

45
Q

a condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine; also called a pinched nerve.

A

radiculopathy

46
Q

multiple myeloma

A

a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells of the red bone marrow

47
Q

Callus

A

a bulging deposit that forms around the area of the break in a bone; also a thickening of the skin that is caused by repeated rubbing

48
Q

spondylosis

A

a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

49
Q

osteochondroma

A

a benign bony projection covered with cartilage

50
Q

What are the combining forms for bone?

A

Oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

51
Q

pathologic fracture

A

a fracture that occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

52
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

a type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

53
Q

malleolus

A

a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

54
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of the lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra

55
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

56
Q

spinal stenosis

A

a narrowing of the spaces within the spine, potentially putting pressure on the nerves and spinal cord that may cause pain

57
Q

a stem cell transplant to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas

A

bone marrow transplant

58
Q

a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

A

dual x-ray absorptiometry

59
Q

autologous

A

originating within an individual

60
Q

Paget’s disease

A

a chronic bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation

61
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A

an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

62
Q

the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

A

crepitation

63
Q

cartilage

A

chrondr/o, chrondr/i

64
Q

foot

A

pod/o

65
Q

the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it

A

spondylolisthesis

66
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

67
Q

a type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints

A

gout

68
Q

fibromyalgia

A

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms

69
Q

paralysis

A

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

70
Q

compartment syndrome

A

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg; this syndrome can be caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, or repetitive activities such as running

71
Q

clon/o

A

violent action

72
Q

tendinopathy

A

general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint (ie rotator cuff)

73
Q

contracture

A

permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

74
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

75
Q

the release of a tendon from adhesions

A

tenolysis

76
Q

dystonia

A

a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles

77
Q

physiatrist

A

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

78
Q

myoclonus

A

the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

79
Q

ahesion

A

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

80
Q

exercise physiologist

A

a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

81
Q

inflammation of the sheath around a tendon

A

tenosynovitis

82
Q
A

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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