Endocrine Review Flashcards
Type 1 diabetic hyperglycemic metabolic acidosis leukocytosis hyperkalemia abdominal pain
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Reasons to have high insulin but low glucose
Insulin overdose
Insulinoma
Diabetes drugs that cause hypoglycemia
SFUs (glyburide)
amylin analogues
insulin
Dibabetes drug that causes lactic acidosis
Metformin
Diabetes drug that causes CHF/fluid retention
Thiazolindinediones (pioglitazone)
Diabetes drug that causes pancreatitis
GLP-1 analogues (exenatide)
Mechanism of action of SFUs
Causes depolarizations of beta cells that triggers extra insulin release (only works in Type 2)
Mechanism of action of metformin
unknown -> dec gluconeogen, inc glycolysis, inc peripheral glucose uptake
MOA of alpha-galactosidase inhibitors
inhibit brush border glucose absorption enzymes
MOA of TZDs
increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues by binding to PPAR-gam nuclear transcription regulator
AE of alpha galactosidase inhibitors
horrible flatulence
Two causes of high plasma sodium
dehydration and diabetes insipidus
myxedema coma
profound hypothyroidism causing altered mental status
Drug that classically causes diabetes insipidus
Lithium
Also: demeclocycline
Delayed DTR relaxation phase
hypothyroidism
Mech of graves
antibodies to TSH receptor
recently gave birth
low TSH
high T4
low thyroid uptake
Postpartum thyroiditis
TSH and T4 levels are increased
pituitary tumor or exogenous TSH production
Exopthalmos
thyroid bruit
diffuse uptake on thyroid scan
Grave’s disease
Tender thyroid
post URI
Thyroiditis
hyperthyroid
low uptake on scan
no URI
surreptitious levothyroxine use
AE of PTU
agranulocytosis
aplastic anemia
hepatotoxicity
After illness
Low TSH, T3 and T4
Euthyroid sick syndrome
calcitonin producing thyroid nodule
Medullary carcinoma
Diseases associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma
MEN 2A and MEN2B
carpopedal spasm
tetany
fingertip parasthesias
Chvostek’s sign (tapping on jaw)
Hypocalcemia
Type of lung cancer that produces PTrH
sqamous cell lung carcinoma
Cancers that can cause hypercalcemia
Multiple myeloma
prostate
squamous cell lung
hypotension
hyperkalemia
acidosis
skin and mucosal hyperpigmentation
Addison’s disease
increased mineralcorticoids decreased cortisol dec sex hormones hypertension hypokalemia lack of secondary sexual characteristics
17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
increased sex hormones
decreased mineralcorticoids and cortisol
salt wasting and pernicious puberty
21-hydroxylase deficiency
decreased aldosterone increased 11-deoxycorticosterone increased sex hormones hypertension virulization
11 beta hydroxylase
incrased thirst normal Na low K high bicarb normal creatinine
overproduction of aldosterone
lung nodule
low Na
high urine osmolarity
SIADH
Consequence of correcting Na levels too quickly
central pontine myelinolysis
amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea hirsutism ance infertility associated with obesity
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
amenorrhea
galactorrhea
headaches
High prolactin levels
prolactinoma
prominent forehead
heavy brow ridge
thick tongue
large thick hands and feet
Acromegaly
Best marker for acromegaly
Insulin-like growth factor-1
MEN type 1
pit- pituitary tumors
para- parathyroid tumors
panc- pancreatic endocrine tumors
prolactinoma
kidney stones
stomach ulcers
MEN type 1
pregnant woman
vaginal bleeding
abdominal pain
placental abruption: premature seperation of placenta from uterine wall
painless vaginal bleeding at ~30 weeks gestation
Placenta Previa: placenta overlies cervical os
Severe painless postpartum hemorrhage
previous C section of placenta previa
Placenta accreta: attaches to myometrium without penetrating it
Painful massive postpartum hemmorrage
uterine rupture
Long labor
soft uterus
uterine atony
no lactation
DI after delivery
shock
Sheehan’s syndrome
Post menopausal vaginal bleeding
Endometrial cancer until proven otherwise
Abdominal pain
LMP 6-8 weeks ago
positive UPT
adnexal mass
ectopic pregnancy
Severe HTN after 20 weeks gestation
Proteinuria or end organ injury
preeclampsia
Preeclampsia
Low platelets
elevated LFTs
hemolysis
HELLP syndrome
Post partum complications:
depression
cardiomyopathy
PE
amniotic fluid embolism
Cloudy amniotic fluid
septic newborn
Group B Strep
