Behavioral Science Review Flashcards
Formula for attributable risk
amount of disease incidence due to exposure
= Risk in exposed - risk in non exposed
Proportion attributable risk:
proportion of disease incidence in exposed attributable to their exposure
Formula for proportion attributable riskattributable risk
attributable risk/ exposed risk
This percent of cancer is attributable to tanning bed use
Difference between prevalence and incidence
prevalence: total cases in a population at a point in time
Incidence: new cases over a time period
Define case control study
patients with a specific treatment compared to matched group not given treatment
Define cohort studies
All patients of a certain population who were given treatment are compared to those in the same population that weren’t given treatment
Define correlation:
Strength of linear relationship between variables. Vary between -1 to 1
Formula for relative risk
=(experimental risk)/(control risk)
Formula for relative risk reduction
=(CR-ER)/CR
Formula for absolute risk reduction
= CR-ER
Formula for number needed to treat
=1/AR = 1/(CR-ER)
Confounding bias
measured factor is associated with another factor which is a known cause of the outcome
Recall bias
cases/controls remember exposure differently
Type I random error
falsely claiming a different exists
Type II random error
falsely claiming no difference exists
Phase I clinical trial
small study in a healthy population
Phase II clinical trial
small study in diseased population (all get drug, to test for side effects and efficacy)
Phase III
large randomized control trial. Compare to standard therapy
Phase IV
post marketing surveillance for long term side effects
What diseases require contact precautions?
diarrhea, generalized skin breakdown, pressure ulcers
What diseases require respiratory droplet precaution (facemask)?
Flu, RSV, pertussis, N. meningitidis
What diseases require airborne precautions?
TB, chickenpox, measles, disseminated zoster
Sentinel event
unexpected serious injury or death
Medical error
failure of a PLANNED action or a wrong plan
Who qualifies for medicaid
children pregnant women parents adults >65 diability Expansion: 138% of poverty line
Who qualifies for medicare?
adults >65
ESRD
disability
Exceptions to informed consent
Emergencies
Patient lacks decision making capacity: inconsistent with previous decisions, clouded by mood disorder, delusions, or hallucinations, choices vary considerably over time
Terminal sedation
treatment to relieve pain and suffering. Acceptable even if it shorten’s patient’s life
