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USMLE > Endocrine pharmacology > Flashcards

Endocrine pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Most serious adverse effect of Metformin

A

Lactic acidosis (contraindicated in renal insufficiency)

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2
Q

Action of metformin

A

decrease gluconeogenesis, increase glycolysis, increase peripheral glucose uptake (insulin sensitivity)

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3
Q

First-line therapy for T2DM

A

Metformin

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4
Q

Detemir and Glargine are

A

long acting insulin analogs used for basal glucose control in all types of diabetics

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5
Q

Clinical use of Insulin (short acting)

A

Hyperkalemia (+ glucose), stress hyperglycemia

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6
Q

Clinical use of rapid acting Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine

A

postprandial glucose control

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7
Q

Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide are

A

First generation sulfonylureas

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8
Q

Mechanism of sulfonylureas

A

Close K+ channel in beta-cell membrane to depolarize it and stimulate endogenous insulin release in T2DM

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9
Q

Glimepiride, Glipizide and Glyburide are

A

second generation sulfonylureas

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10
Q

Adverse effects of first generation sulfonylureas

A

Hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, disulfiram-like effects

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11
Q

Adverse effects of second generation sulfonylureas

A

Hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis

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12
Q

Mechanism of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone

A

Bind PPAR-gamma nuclear transription regulator to increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue and muscles

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13
Q

Clinical use of glitazones (Thiazolidinediones)

A

T2DM, take some time to take effect, found to increase HDL

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14
Q

Adverse effects of Glitazones

A

Weight gain, edema, hepatotoxicity, HF, increased risk of fractures

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15
Q

Levothyroxine (T4) is used to treat

A

Hypothyroidism

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16
Q

Nateglinide and repaglinide action

A

Bind K+ channels on beta-cell membranes to induce depolarization and increase release of insulin

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17
Q

Adverse effects of nateglinide and repaglinide

A

Weight gain and hypoglycemia (increased risk in renal failure)

18
Q

Name two GLP-1 analogs

A

Exenatide and Liraglutide

19
Q

Mechanismm of Liraglutide and Exenatide

A

Increase glucose-dependent insulin release, decrease glucagon release, decrease gastric emptying and increase satiety

20
Q

Adverse effeects of exenatide and liraglutinide

A

N/V, pancreatitis, modest weight loss

21
Q

Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin are

A

DPP-4 inhibitors

22
Q

Mechanism of the -gliptins

A

Inhibit DPP-4 so it cannot deactivate GLP-1, thus increasing glucose-dependent insulin release, decreasing glucagon release and increasing satiety

23
Q

Adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors (-gliptins)

A

Mild urinary or respiratory infections (nasopharyngitis)

24
Q

What is Pramlitined used for

A

decrease gastric emptying and decrease glucagon

25
Q

Mechanism of SGLT-2 inhibitors (-gliflozin)

A

Block reabsorption of glucose in PCT by inhibiting Na/Glu (SGLT2)

26
Q

Adverse effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors (-gliflozins)

A

Glucosuria, UTIs, vaginal yeast infections, hyperkalemia, dehydration, hypotension

27
Q

Acarbose and miglitol are

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, delay postprandial hyperglycemia reducing intestinnal disaccharide absorption

28
Q

PTU and Methimazole are used for

A

Hyperthyroidism (block TPO), PTU also blocks 5’ deiodinase and is used in pregnancy

29
Q

Conivaptan and Tolvaptan use

A

ADH antagonists, block ADH action at V2R (SIADH treatment)

30
Q

Desmopressin use

A

Central DI

31
Q

Which medication can be used to control uterine hemorrhage

A

Oxytocin

32
Q

Somatostatin (octreotide) can be used for

A

Acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, esophageal varices

33
Q

Demeclocycline is used to treat

A

SIADH

34
Q

Nephrogenic DI, photosensitivity and abnormalities of bone and teeth caused by

A

Demeclocycline

35
Q

Drug used to treat hyperparthyroidism

A

Cinacalcet

36
Q

Mechanism of Cinacalcet

A

Increase sensitivity of CaSR in parathyroid gland

37
Q

Fludrocoritosne is used as

A

mineralocorticoid replacement in primary adrenal insuffieciency

38
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors (-flozins) are contraindicated in which patients

A

Moderate-to-severe renal impairment patients

39
Q

Competitive inhibitors of Iodine transportation

A

Perchlorate or Pertechnetate

40
Q

Adverse effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (Acarbose and Miglitol)

A

diarrhea, flatulece

USMLE (36 decks)

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