Endocrine Board Review - 5th Edition Flashcards
Which two diseases cause similarly increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides?
- Familial combined hyperlipidemia
- Dysbetalipoproteinemia
What have intravascular ultrasound studies shown with regards to LDL-cholesterol?
Treatment to lower target LDL-C in patients with known CVD leads to regression of atherosclerosis.
What two tests are done to distinguish familial combined hyperlipoprotemia from dysbetalipoproteinemia?
- Apo E genotype
- VLDL cholesterol/triglycerides
Which lipid particle, other than LDL-C, is associated with occlusion of bypass grafts and stents?
Lipoprotein a.
Patient has extremely low HDL levels, corneal arcus, and renal failure.
Diagnosis?
LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) deficiency.
Which medications can increase HDL-C by the greatest amount?
CETP inhibitors.
Which diabetic complication is reduced by fenofibrate?
Diabetic retinopathy.
Does niacin-induced diabetes counteract its lipid-lowering benefits?
No
Niacin is an effective LDL lowering agent for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.
True or false?
True
Which cholesterol medication can improve diabetes control?
Colesevelam
Which vitamin is deficient in BeriBeri?
Thiamine
Which micronutrient deficiency can cause hypogonadism?
Zinc deficiency
High dose zinc repletion can cause _____ deficiency.
Copper
Mutation of which gene causes familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?
CaSR gene
What ratio of calcium clearance to creatinine clearance is consistent with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?
Less than 0.01.
What is a better discriminator between FHH and hyperparathyroidism:
CaCl/CrCl from a 2-hour fasting urine collection or a 24-hour urine collection?
2-hour fasting urine collection for calcium clearance to creatinine clearance ratio.
Does sarcoidosis have an effect on bone mineral density?
It causes low bone mineral density.
How fast does the bone mineral density decline when estrogen is stopped (after treatment for a few years) in the spine and the hip?
Decreases rapidly in both the spine and the hip (3 - 5% in the first year).
Should you test bone density earlier than age 65 years in women who have risk factors for osteoporosis?
Yes
What does gadolinium do to calcium?
Falsely lowers the calcium level.
What’s the best test to confirm the calcium level in a patient with falsely lowered calcium level due to gadolinium?
Ionized calcium
How does Paget disease at the hip progress?
Arthritis in the hip will worsen.
Adynamic bone disease can be exacerbated by cinacalcet.
True or false?
True
Patients with decreased kidney function treated with denosumab are at increased risk for developing hypocalcemia.
True or false?
True
What should the ten year risk of hip fracture be to strongly recommend pharmacological therapy for osteoporosis?
More than or equal to 3%
What should the ten year risk of a major osteoporotic fracture be to strongly recommend pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis?
More than or equal to 20%
