Endocrine Flashcards
what hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?
- thyroid hormone
- calcitonin
what are the 2 thyroid hormones?
T4 = thyroxine
T3 = triiodothyronine
what is the action of the thyroid hormone?
controls BMR
growth and development
what is the role of calcitonin?
decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in the bone
what is juvenile hypothyroidism?
decreased secretion of thyroid hormone
what are the 2 type of juvenile hypothyroidism?
- congenital
- acquired
what is an example of congenital hypothyroidism?
congenital hypoplastic thyroid gland
congenital hypoplastic thyroid gland increases risk for __________ if not treated within ___________
developmental delays
if not treated within 3 months
congenital hypothyroidism is part of the ________________
newborn screen
what is involved in the newborn screen for congenital hypothyroidism?
GnRH
gonadotropin
sex hormones
what are some causes of acquired hypothyroidism?
thyroidectomy
radiation
infection
does acquired hypothyroidism affect development?
no
brain has already developed
what is a risk factor for hypothyroidism?
if mom was taking antithyroid during pregnancy
what are some clinical infestations of hypothyroidism?
cognitive deficits
constipation
sleepiness
growth decline
myxedematous skin changes
what are some myxedematous skin change associated with hypothyroid?
dry skin
puffiness around eyes
sparse hair
what is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
life long TH replacement
oral L-thyroxine
what is the risk associated with L-thyroxine treatment? how is this prevented?
hyperthyroidism
gradually increase over 4-8 weeks
what is goiter?
hypertrophy of thyroid gland
what are the 2 types of goiter?
- congenital
- acquired
what cause congenital goiter?
mom taking antithyroid during pregnancy
what are the 3 causes of acquired goiter?
increased TSH from pituitary
neoplasm
inflammatory disease
what inflammatory disease causes goiter?
chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
thyroid enlargement can be _______ and not always ___________
mild
noticeable
when is thyroid enlargement more noticeable with goiter?
rapid growth
(increased demand for TH)
at birth, thyroid enlargement can cause ___________
how do you prepare for this?
respiratory distress
prepare to intubate
what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves’ disease
what is Graves’ disease?
enlarged thyroid gland
autoimmune response to TSH receptors
what is the peak incidence of Graves’ disease?
12-14 years
why might Graves’ disease be present at birth (congenital)?
if mom used antithyroids in pregnancy
Graves’ disease is more common in ____________
girls
Graves’ disease is associated with ____________ disorders
what are 2 examples?
autoimmune disorders
- rheumatoid arthritis
- lupus
what are some clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease?
weight loss
tachycardia
dyspnea
exophthalmos
goiter
heat intolerance
systolic murmurs
irritability
how is Graves’ disease diagnosed?
low TSH levels
high T3 and T4 levels
what is the goal of treatment for Graves’ disease?
decrease thyroid hormone secretion
how is Graves’ disease treated?
antithyroid drugs
subtotal thyroidectomy
radioiodine ablation
what antithyroid drugs are used to treat Graves’ disease?
PTU
methimazole
what is a complication associated with Graves’ disease?
thyrotoxicosis
what is thyrotoxicosis?
life threatening
sudden release of thyroid hormone
what is the most common endocrine disorder in childhood?
diabetes
what is the peak incidence of diabetes?
10-15 years
what is the most common type of diabetes in children?
type I
what is type I diabetes?
destruction of beta cells causing insulin deficiency
type I diabetes is more common in _______________
caucasians
what are some symptoms of type I diabetes?
polydipsia
polyuria
polyphagia
weight loss
what is a complication associated with type I diabetes?
ketoacidosis
how is type I diabetes managed?
insulin
diet
exercise
what is type II diabetes?
insulin resistance
what are the symptoms of type II diabetes?
fatigue
blurry vision
weight gain
polydipsia
polyuria
how is type II diabetes managed?
oral medications
diet
exercise
why are some other conditions associated with insulin dependence?
CF
ALL
how is diabetes diagnosed?
fasting blood glucose > 7
random blood glucose > 11.1
OGTT > 11.1
A1c levels
