Cardiovascular Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

What are some signs of cardiac dysfunction during H&P?

A

poor feeding

rapid breathing

difficulty keeping up with friends

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2
Q

What aspects of the mother’s health history could cause cardiac dysfunction in the infant?

A

diabetes

lupus

phenytoin

alcohol

drugs

infections (rubella)

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3
Q

how does low birth weight affect cardiac function?

A

increased risk of congenital anomalies

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4
Q

how does high birth weight affect cardiac function?

A

increased risk of heart disease

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5
Q

what family history might increase risk of cardiac dysfunction?

A

parents or siblings with heart defects

marfan syndrome

fetal loss

SIDS

Down syndrome

turner syndrome

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6
Q

what nutritional signs might indicate cardiac dysfunction?

A

failure to thrive

poor weight gain

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7
Q

what skin colours (2) might indicate cardiac dysfunction?

A

cyanosis = congenital heart defect

pallor = poor perfusion

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8
Q

what does an abnormal chest shape indicate?

A

enlarged heart

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9
Q

what are some respiratory signs of cardiac dysfunction?

A

tachypnea

dyspnea

expiratory grunt

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10
Q

clubbing is associated with ________

A

cyanosis

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11
Q

upon inspection, what signs might indicate cardiac dysfunction?

A

failure to thrive
poor weight gain
cyanosis
pallor
abnormal chest shape
tachypnea
dyspnea
expiratory grunt
visible neck vein pulsations
clubbing

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12
Q

upon palpation, what signs might indicate cardiac dysfunction?

A

thrills (chest)

hepatomegaly

splenomegaly

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13
Q

upon auscultation, what signs might indicate cardiac dysfunction?

A

tachycardia

bradycardia

irregular rhythms

murmurs

extra sounds

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14
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for cardiac dysfunction?

A

chest x-ray

ECG

echocardiography

cardiac catheterization

exercise stress test

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15
Q

What does a chest x-ray show?

A

heart size

blood flow

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16
Q

What does an ECG show?

A

electrical activity

detect dysrhythmias

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17
Q

What does na echocardiogram show?

A

cardiac structures

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18
Q

what does cardiac catheterization measure?

A

pressure and oxygen in heart chambers

cardiac structures

blood flow

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19
Q

what does an exercise stress test measure?

A

HR, BP, ECG and O2 consumption at rest and during exercise

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of cardiac defects?

A
  1. congenital heart disease
  2. acquired
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21
Q

what is congenital heart disease?

A

anatomical, abnormal function

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22
Q

what is the cause of congenital heart disease?

A

unknown

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23
Q

what is congenital heart disease associated with?

A

chromosomal abnormalities

Trisomy 21, 13, and 18

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24
Q

what is the most common anomaly with congenital heart disease?

A

ventricular septal defect

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25
Q

what is a ventricular septal defect?

A

hole between right and left ventricles

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26
Q

what is the foramen Ovale?
when does it close?

A

shunts blood from RA to LA

closes when LA pressure exceeds RA pressure

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27
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?
when does it close?

A

shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

bypasses lungs

closes when baby takes first breath
blood oxygen concentration increases

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28
Q

what happens if the FO and DA don’t close after birth?

A

congenital heart defects

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29
Q

what causes cyanosis (CHD)?

A

change in pressure
right to left shunt
deoxygenated blood bypasses lungs
decreased oxygen delivery

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30
Q

acyanosis (CHD)

A

presence of CHD
but O2 delivery unaffected
no cyanosis

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31
Q

what are the 4 types of congenital heart defects?
are they cyanotic or acyanotic?

A
  1. increased pulmonary blood flow (acyanotic)
  2. decreased pulmonary blood flow (cyanotic)
  3. obstruction (acyanotic)
  4. mixed blood flow (cyanotic)
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32
Q

increased pulmonary blood flow congenital heart defect

A

opening between atria

blood flows L to R

increased blood volume on R side

increased pulmonary blood flow

decreased systemic blood flow

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33
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of increased pulmonary blood flow congenital heart defect?

A

asymptomatic

heart failure

murmurs

atrial dysrhythmias

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34
Q

what are some examples of increased pulmonary blood flow congenital heart defect?

A

atrial septal defect

ventricular septal defect

patent ductus arteriosus

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35
Q

decreased pulmonary blood flow congenital heart defect

A

pulmonary blood flow obstruction + anatomical defect

blood has difficulty leaving heart through pulmonary artery

blood shunts right –> left bypassing lungs

deoxygenated blood enters systemic circulation

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36
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of decreased pulmonary blood flow congenital heart defect?

A

hypoxemia

cyanosis

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37
Q

what are some examples of decreased pulmonary blood flow congenital heart defect?

A

tetralogy of fallot

tricuspid atresia

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38
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot?

A

4 structural defects

  1. ventricular septal defect
  2. pulmonic stenosis
  3. overriding aorta
  4. RV hypertrophy
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39
Q

what is tricuspid atresia?

A

tricuspid valve fails to develop

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40
Q

obstruction of blood flow congenital heart defect

A

blood exiting heart meets stenosis

pressure before obstruction increases (in ventricle)

pressure after obstruction decreases

occurs near valve

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41
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of obstruction of blood flow congenital heart defect?

A

decreased CO

heart failure

hypoxemia

asymptomatic

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42
Q

what are some examples of obstruction of blood flow congenital heart defect?

A

coarctation of aorta
(narrowing of aortic arch)

aortic stenosis

pulmonic stenosis

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43
Q

mixed blood flow congenital heart defect

A

oxygenated and unoxygenated blood mix

causes desaturation of systemic blood flow

decreased CO

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44
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of mixed blood flow congenital heart defect?

A

cyanosis

heart failure

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45
Q

what are some examples of mixed blood flow congenital heart defects?

A

transposition of great arteries

total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

truncus arteriosus

hypo plastic left heart syndrome

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46
Q

what is transposition of great arteries?

A

arteries switch

pulmonary artery leaves LV

aorta leaves RV

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47
Q

what is total anomalous pulmonary venous connection?

A

pulmonary veins connect to R side of heart instead of LA

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48
Q

what is truncus arteriosus?

A

only one artery leaves the heart instead of the pulmonary artery and aorta

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49
Q

what is hypo plastic left heart syndrome?

A

underdeveloped L side of heart

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50
Q

what are the 2 consequences of congenital heart defects?

A
  1. heart failure
  2. hypoxemia
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51
Q

what is heart failure?

A

inability of heart to pump adequate blood into systemic circulation

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52
Q

what is R sided HF?

A

RV fails to pump blood into pulmonary artery

increased pressure in RV and systemic circulation

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53
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of R sided HF?

A

hepatosplenomegaly

edema

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54
Q

what is L sided HF?

A

failure of LV to pump blood into systemic circulation

increased pressure in LA and pulmonary veins

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55
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of L sided HF?

A

pulmonary edema

crackles

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56
Q

what are the consequences of HF?

A

myocardial damage

decreased CO

decreased kidney perfusion

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57
Q

how do the kidneys respond in HF?

A

decreased kidney perfusion

kidneys think fluid volume is low

reabsorb more sodium and water

fluid overload

58
Q

what are the 4 goals of treatment for HF?

A
  1. improve cardiac function
  2. decrease fluid
  3. improve oxygenation
  4. decrease cardiac demand
59
Q

what 3 medications can be used in HF to improve cardiac function?

A
  1. digitalis (digoxin)
  2. ACE inhibitors
  3. beta blockers
60
Q

what are the effects of digitalis (digoxin)?

A

increases contractility without increasing HR

increases CO

decreases heart size

61
Q

do not administer digoxin if HR is < _____________

62
Q

what are the effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

vasodilation

decreased aldosterone
decreased sodium and water reabsorption

63
Q

what are the adverse effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

hypotension

cough

renal dysfunction

64
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta blockers?

A

hypotension

dizziness

65
Q

what medication is used to decrease fluid in HF?

A

diuretics
- thiazide
- furosemide

66
Q

what are the interventions for decreasing fluid in HF?

A

diuretics

fluid and sodium restriction

monitor intake and output

prevent dehydration

67
Q

what are the interventions for decreasing cardiac demand in HF?

A

decrease WOB

encourage sleep

schedule feeds around sleep
- prevent hunger

maintain body temp

68
Q

what is hypoxemia?

A

decreased arterial oxygen saturation

69
Q

what are the 2 clinical manifestations of hypoxemia?

A

hypoxia

cyanosis

70
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

decreased tissue oxygenation

71
Q

what are the 2 physiological changes in response to chronic hypoxemia?

A

polycythemia

clubbing

72
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

increased RBCs to compensate for hypoxemia

increased O2 carrying capacity

73
Q

what is the risk associated with polycythemia?

A

increased blood viscosity

increased risk of clotting

74
Q

mild hypoxemia is ____________

A

asymptomatic

75
Q

what are some signs of severe hypoxemia?

A

fatigue with feeding

poor weight gain

tachypnea

dyspnea

76
Q

what are some complications of hypoxemia?

A

mostly neurological
- CVA
- stroke
- abscesses
- developmental delays

77
Q

what is the goal of hypoxemia diagnosis?

A

distinguish between cardiac or pulmonary cause

PaO2 > 100 mmHg = lung disease
PaO2 < 100 mmHg = cardiac disease

78
Q

what is the treatment for hypoxemia?

A

IV prostaglandin E

79
Q

what are the effects of prostaglandin E?

A

vasodilation

80
Q

what are hypercyanotic spells?

A

severe cyanotic episodes

81
Q

what causes hypercyanotic spells?
what are some triggers?

A

spontaneous
OR
decreased SVR

triggers
- feeding
- crying
- defecation
- stress

82
Q

hypercyanotic spells are associated with ___________

A

tetralogy of fallot

83
Q

what are the treatments for hypercyanotic spells?

A

knee to chest position

oxygen therapy

morphine

IV fluid replacement

84
Q

what does the knee to chest position do?

A

increases systemic vascular resistance

85
Q

what is acquired cardiac defect?

A

caused by a disease process

86
Q

what are some causes of acquired cardiac defects?

A

infection
autoimmune response
familial tendencies
medications
environmental

87
Q

what are the 2 acquired cardiac defects?

A

endocarditis

cardiomyopathy

88
Q

what is endocarditis?

A

infection of endocardium

89
Q

what are the causes of endocarditis?

A

bacteremia

congenital anomalies

dental work

invasive procedures

central lines

IV drug use

90
Q

what are the common pathogens that cause endocarditis?

A

S. aureus
streptococcus
fungi

91
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of endocarditis?

A

fever

malaise

weight loss

janeway lesions

osler nodes

roth spots

92
Q

what are janeway lesions?

A

nontender erythematous macule

on palms and feet

93
Q

janeway lesions are more common in ___________ endocarditis

94
Q

what are Osler nodes?

A

tender subcutaneous violet nodules

on pads of fingers and toes

95
Q

what are Roth spots?

A

exudative edematous hemorrhagic lesions of the retina

96
Q

what are the treatments for endocarditis?

A

IV antibiotics
surgery

high risk: antibiotic prophylaxis

97
Q

what is cardiomyopathy?

A

myocardial abnormality causing impaired cardiac muscle contraction

98
Q

what are the causes of cardiomyopathy?

A

familial or genetic

infection

deficiencies

hemochromatosis

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Kawasaki disease

collagen vascular disease

thyroid dysfunction

99
Q

what are the 3 types of cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. dilated
  2. hypertrophic
  3. restrictive
100
Q

what is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

decreased contractility

101
Q

what is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children?

102
Q

what are the symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

HF symptoms

103
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

LV hypertrophy causes abnormal filling

104
Q

what is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

decreased ventricular filling

105
Q

how is cardiomyopathy diagnosed?

A

ECG
exercise stress test
MRI
genetic testing

106
Q

what is the goal of treatment for cardiomyopathy?

A

correct underlying cause

107
Q

what is the first line of treatment for cardiomyopathy?

A

beta blocckers

108
Q

what are the other treatment options for cardiomyopathy?

A

diuretics
Ca2+ channel blockers
implantable cardioverter or defib
anticoagulants
heart transplant (if severe)

109
Q

what medication should NOT be given for cardiomyopathy?

110
Q

what are the 3 main vascular dysfunctions?

A

hypertension

Kawasaki disease

shock

111
Q

what is primary hypertension?

A

no identifiable cause

112
Q

what is secondary hypertension?

A

identifiable cause

113
Q

what are the possible causes of HTN?

A

renal disease
CVD
endocrine disorder
neurological disorder

114
Q

what is Kawasaki Disease?

A

mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome

acute systemic vasculitis of medium sized arteries

especially coronary arteries

115
Q

what is the cause of Kawasaki disease?

116
Q

Kawasaki disease most seriously affects ____________

A

infants < 1 year

117
Q

what is the main clinical manifestation of Kawasaki?

A

inflammation of medium sized arteries

118
Q

what are the 3 phases of Kawasaki disease?

A
  1. acute
  2. subacute
  3. convalescent
119
Q

what is the acute phase of Kawasaki disease?

A

high fever

unresponsive to antibiotics and antipyretics

120
Q

what is the subacute phase of Kawasaki disease?

A

fever resolves

high risk for aneurysms

lasts until clinical signs resolve

121
Q

what is the convalescence phase of Kawasaki disease?

A

clinical signs resolved

abnormal lab values

lasts until temp and lab values are normal

122
Q

how is Kawasaki disease diagnosed?

A

no tests

based on clinical findings

echocardiogram

123
Q

what are 2 good indicators of possible Kawasaki disease?

A

prolonged fever

unresponsive to antibiotics

124
Q

the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease should be used as a ____________

125
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease?

A

fever for 5+ days and 4/5 criteria

  1. bulbar conjunctival injection
  2. oral mucous membrane changes
    - injected or fissured lips
    - injected pharynx
    - strawberry tongue
  3. peripheral extremity changes
    - edema
    - erythema
  4. polymorphous rash
  5. cervical lymphadenopathy
126
Q

when should treatment for Kawasaki disease start?

A

within 10 days of symptom onset

127
Q

how is Kawasaki disease treated?

A

IV immunoglobulin

aspirin

salicylate

anticoagulants

128
Q

what is shock?

A

inadequate perfusion leads to organ failure

129
Q

what are the 3 types of shock?

A
  1. hypovolemic
  2. distributive
  3. cardiogenic
130
Q

what are the causes of hypovolemic shock?

A

burns
trauma
hemorrhagic
diarrhea
vomiting

131
Q

what are the causes of distributive shock?

A

anaphylaxis
sepsis
myocardial depression

132
Q

what are the causes of cardiogenic shock?

A

heart failure
dysrhythmias

133
Q

what are the 3 stages of shock?

A
  1. compensated
  2. decompensated
  3. irreversible
134
Q

what is compensated shock?

A

vital organ function maintained by compensatory mechanisms

135
Q

what is decompensated shock?

A

decreased cardiovascular function

136
Q

what is irreversible shock?

A

vital organ damage

137
Q

what are some complications of shock?

A

cerebral edema
hemorrhage
renal ischemia
resp distress
GI bleeding
hypoglycemia
hypoclacemia

138
Q

what are the 3 treatments for shock?

A
  1. ventilation
  2. fluids
  3. improve cardiac function
139
Q

how do we improve ventilation during shock?

A

tracheal intubation + positive pressure

supplemental oxygen

140
Q

what fluids should be administered for shock?

A

crystalloids
colloids