End Of Year AS mistskes Flashcards
They want you to add unnecessary detail to question to get marks. If they ask how two polynucleotides held together what else will you say ?
That there are phophidedter bonds running between phosphate groups and hydoryle groups of nucleotides to mark sugar phosphate backbone
Rhinos scattered you csnt day thst means low genetic bidovierdity
It is because they will have to INBREED . Explain answer fully
Disadvantage of not having nucleus or anything else red blood cell?
Limited life span
- cannot undergo mitosis and reproduce
- no protein synthesis or repair
- no respiration
Why do red blood cells don’t use oxygen ?
- it is bound to haemglobin ti make oxy
- don’t need to use it in any function to move for example
- don’t even have mitochondria to use it for respiration
Why virus don’t use red blood cell but plasmodium do
Viruse need to take over genetic material like DNA to replicate as it is unable to do so outside of a cell, so as nuckeud has none it don’t use
Plasmodium used it to hide from white blood cells that produce antibodies , as theybare protected by blood cell antigen , also use as food
Why does diffusion oxygen take place through fapllieires inky
Bevause others have too thick walls lit that’s it
The Evidende of aphids, does it show translocation active?
No it just dhows it’s done by changes in pressure
What evidence shows sugars transported from source to sink
1) a change in sugar content in leaves = chsnge in sieve tube
2) sugars can be transported up and down (as sources are in different places)
3) roots leaves etc import sugars = they all different sinks and show it goes from sources to sink !
APHID NOTHING
Question asking to explain mass flow , what do you not have to do
EXPLAIN ACTIVE LOADING !, just say it happens
How do goblet cells look like
They fat in between the cilia
IMPORTANT , if value ABOVE 5% WHAT DO WE DO
in maths you would accept H0 so here YOU REJECT H0 there is a situativ ally significant difference and not due to chance
When they say describe and explain a groan make sure ti what
identity the DIFFERENT FEATURES OF GRAPh , and decibel each and explain
Link ideas
Two defining features of eukarya
80s chromsokes
Genetic information contained in a NUCLEUS
Membrane bound organelles like mitochondria ,
LINEAR not CIRCULAR DNA
How scientists validate other work
Scientific conferences
PEER REVIEW before publication
Replication if work and experiments to see if same results obtained
What does STANDARD DEVIATION shown
How spread/ variable data is from the mean
As small , they all not variabel and so experiment is very REPEATABLE
So basically SD measures repeatability !!
IF THEY SAY EXPLAIN THEN DONT DESCRIBE BUT EXPKAIN THE GRAPH
as the enzyme cinc increases so does the rate of digestion, this is becasue (more collision chance of succeful complex and so more catakysstkons )
But then as it continue to increase rate plateaus why, because number of substrate is decreasing
As you increase the difference on days may be uncertain so might not be able to make this conclusion as ERROR BARS OVERLPAM
What gives validation , repeatability , accuracy, precision.
Valid = controlling of all other variables and ensuring test is correct Precise = values that don’t vary Accurate = results real to true answer
Repeatable is if ssme guy does it same results, reproducible is other guy does it same results
Relatability assessed by taking REPEATS
What is adaptation that REDUCES WATER LOSS, read q carefully they reduce, not increase gain in water
All three reduce one is gain so thst one but apparently
- reflective hairs stop heat loss
- reduced to spines calm idk bout damage
Why do you use student t test, spearman rank , chi squared, standard deviation
T test = this is just to COMPARE TWO SETS OF DATA
Spearman rank correlation coefficient = for correlations between one and the other ! (-1 to 1)
Chi squared= for grouped data compared to expected
Simpson biodiversity = measure biodiversity
Standard deviation = to see variable data
If above 5% accept or reject
REJECT, in maths accept, so here reject
What is correct method of transport of ions snd sucrose in active loading
H+ ions actively transported
Sucrose is facialited diffusion
And then it is DIFFUSION into cells= sieve tube element
REMMEBER IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT THERE IS ALWAYS WHAT EVEN IF ISOTONIC
SOME MOVEMENT , NO NET MOVMEENT , BUT SOME MOVEMENT
What property water also good for swimming snimals other than shc
Fact it is more dense than ice means a lot of animals FLOAT AS A RESULT
Good solvent so has OXYGEN IN IT
Why does any reason if larger skin help don’t be dumb
Increase SA:V so better diffusion cmon man
HOW TO ENSURE YOUNARE CONFIDENR WITH RESULTS , note this not saying valid which means control, this means confident = repeatability
- do many results
- calculate mean
- calculate standard deviation
- identify anomalies if there are
Some chemistry but why does boiling point change when hydorgens less BIG ANSWER LEARN
Less Hydrogens means the thing is MORE unSATURATED, = a kink in the structure due to DOUBLE BOND = which means it csn’t Pack as close as it can normally pack so relative London forces are weaker and boiling point decreases , DONT MENTION SNY OTHER CHEM
More unsatruated= kink = can’t pack = less string bond = less boiling point
Why is tissue clasifidedas tissue
Because it is a group of cells working together to do the SAME FUNCTION
Here it is storage
What is in between xylem and phloem ?
It goes phloem CAMBIUM xylem , cambium tissue is what makes meristematic cells
WHAT IS BIND BETWEEN phosphate group and any hydroxyl even if on same nucleotide called
Phophodiester
Example of lag question leaf hair density
They asking you to use microcod here
So take a sample of underside of leaf, fix i on slide use microspheres to inspect and count number of hairs in an area
To do this use a graticule callinrate d
Then scale up baded on actual area to find total hairs per metre
If they asking you tia Celt reject and give you values and say weak positive , what do you do
Have to just say they wring , even though technically there is a correlation it’s just due to chance and that’s the point you mention
FOR SPEARMAN RANK REMEMBER HOW TO RANK?
see how they ranked first , if they did biggest as 10 or 1 follow same
If down to you just choose any
Amylase vs Carbinic anhydrase cofactors and prosthetic !
Amylase = Cl- Carbonic = zn2+
Why can’t osmosis happen if cell membrwne destroyed!
This because osmosis happens through a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
So if there isn’t one lol it can’t happen
Structure if xylem looking , what are small lines?
Kignifnued wall, vessel of dead cells and then little lines are BORDERED PITS man Said plasmodesmata
How to do chromatography with a protein
1) use some sort of way ti break down into amino adids , so protease?
2) place on chromatography paper / plate
3) ensure it dried
4) put a pencil line first above and place the sample above the solvent so it doesn’t dissolve straight away and also pencil not affected
5) place in solvent like Butanol
6) and do the test
Main thing is digest and place you know how to do rest like pencil line enduresolvent and then try name so,e phases ?
Structure of RER
Lit phospholipid bikayer forms cisternae with ribosomes and the membrane continued with the nuclear membrane .
Role of. Membrwne on RER
Not that deep
- compartmentalisation. Allows it to set conditions for itself which is different to other organelles so it works optimumly
- protected from potential hydrolytic ensymes
- reactions may be incompatible with other
- holds the ribosomes lol easy
- basic CONTROLS WHAT GOES IN AND OUT
Structure of DNA (3 YIU MISS THE THIRD POINT)
two strands of nucleotides where sugar phosphate backbone made by phosphodiester bonds , and complimentary base pairing occurs betwen AT and CG as specific amount of hydrogen bonds are made here, and here at is 2 ch is 3.
FINALLY THE STRANDS RUN ANTIPARALLEL TO EACH OTHER , WITH THE SENSE STRSND 5 TO 3 AND SNTI 3 TO 5 !!,
Why ensymes useful to all organisms?
They speed up rate if reaction without being uses up themselves, offering an alternative reaction pathway requiring Lower activation energy , here this means reactions can happens t lower temoertasured , which would otherwise denature proteins and cause damage to the cell to reach the same metabolic demand
Bio catalyst
- rate react inc by lower act
- densture itherise
