10 To 10.5 Clarification Flashcards
What does classification mean ?
Name given to process by which living organisms are sorted into groups
What are hierarchak systems like the 7 taxonomic system also feferred to
Linnean classification
Why are organisms classified (3)
- to identify species so that it can universally be recognsied easilly
- prediciting charcatertsics - by grouping them you can predict other animals characteristics if part of same group
- find evolutionary links : species in same group have similar charactersitcs because they came from an annecstor lilely
What is this form of clasification not defined by
Nature- human way of organising
How is an organism classified then? (8 way system)
Domain = archea , bacteria, eurkarya Kingdom Phykum Class Order Family Genus Species
Why is classifiying using VISIBLE characteristics nit useful? (3 points)
- organisms may have more than one common name (confusing)
- different names in different languages (even worse)
- DOES NOT OFFER ANY INFORMATION about relationships between organisms
(Binomail means you can straight away tell based on genus if came from similar ancestor…)
Importamt details about binomial nomenclature? (Can have the same species?)
Genus then species, genus broad name species second
- no two organisms share the same GENUS AND SPECIES- could both be same species , different genus, or same genus different species!!!!
- first letter capital, then italics, underline
What are the five kingdoms
- prokaroyotes
- protocista
- fungi
- animallae
- plantae
What does saprophytic , autotrophic and heterotrophic mean
Saprophytic= food taken by feeding on deacying organisms Auto = make own food Hetero= eat other
You know plant animal prokaryote, protocista?
- like the unicellular prokaryote
- has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles due to being a eukaroyte
- CAN HAVE CHLOROPLASTS (amoeba )
- bith autotrophic an heterotropic
Fungi features?
- multicellular
- nucleus, membrane bound organelles but cell wall of CHITIN
- however no CHLOROPLASTS /CHLOROPHYLL
- no mechanisms for movement
- and are saprophytic
Hiw can classification systems change overtime? (Not that importwnt)
Due to organisms evolving, DNA changes (as this makes characteristics change). As a result thr clasfication system which is based on biological molecules and genetics changed too
How are organisms classified into the three domains! (3)
- Theough thr comparisoon of nucleotides in sequences of cells’ ribosmal rRNA
- CELLS MEMBRANE lipid stucture
- sensitivity to anitbotics
How are they split into groups using ribosome size
Eukarya = 80s
Archaea + bacteria = 70s
How arenthey thrn further split up using RNA polyemrase protein number ?
Eukarya = 12 proteins Archaea = 8-10 and similar to eukarya Bacteria = 5 proteins
So having said this how does it go from domain to kingdom?
Eukarya goes into other 4
But then archae becomes archaebacteria
And prokarya becomss eubactedia
What is the difference between archae bacteria and eukbacteria even though they are unicellualr prokaryotes?
They have different chemical setups
- archae were ancient and in extreme conditions
- eu is everyday bacteria
For example peptidoglycan in cell walls of eu but not in archae
Due to this difference in chemical they split into different knigfoms
What is phylogeny
The study of evolutionary links/ relationships between organisms
Clasification modern day use this iver visoble featured
Advantages of phylogentic classification compared to linnean (2)
- basically confirms something is there , not just in visible but actual
- produceS a conitnous tree connected (shows this) wereas that is in discrete groups . You arent firced to put it in something you are not in
- misleading as it assumes different groups of a rank ARE THE SAME IMPORTANCE (like thry dont have same history / diversity but yiu assume one family is same value as other)
What is evolution?
Is the theory that described the way in which organisms evovle or fhange iver many years as a result of natural selection
History if evolvtuoon theory
1) darwin rewd book principle of geology- said fossils were actuwlly evidence + about geoelogy that made darwin think evolution was slow process over long period time
2) noticed that different islands have sifferent finches witn different fewtures (even though similar)
3) condouded thst deisgn of finches was linked to food available on isoand , a bird with a beak kore suoted to that food is more likely to survive and pass these charactersitics down whereas other die, eventually all finch have this.
4) alred wallace had similar ideas in borneo and they joint presentatwtion on it
5) however darwin most remebered due ‘on thr origin if species ‘ book he made
Why os theiry of evolution accepted now
- more evidence
- less majority if people are religious and are confined to views- more open
- etc
What are sources of evidence for evolution? (3)
- palaeontology: study of fossils and fossil record
- comparitive anatomy : similarity and differences between organsims anatomy
- comparitive biochemistry : similarity and difference between chemical makeuo
Palantaeolgy? How are fossils made
How do dofferent layers of rock help?
Anaimal and plant remaijs presereved due to sediumen being deposited ifer ookgmtike to make layers of rock
- different layere correspond to different geological eras, with most recent layer being on top. This means the older organisms lower to the ground, and thud shows organism changinf throughout time
What is the evidence provided by the fossil record? 4
1) simple organisms like bacteria and simple vertabrates found in ewrlier rocks whereas complex organisms found in top
- supports idea thatwe evovled over tike from simple to complex
2) sequcne in which organisms found match THEIR ECOLOGICAL LINKS
- such as plants consistenly being found befire animals, which is likely because animals needed plants to survive!
3) studies of anatomy of organisms can show how closely related organisms were, and thus where they came from due to small STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
4) allows relationhsips between exicnt snd alive extant organisms to be investigatedn(the fact they died shows they couldnt survie)
Limitations of fossil record( why itd not complete)?
- soft bodied and decompse too whick before they csn become s fossil
- some have been destroyed
- sometimes cinditiond jeeded for a fossil tk be made not met
- not all the fossils have even been found yet
What are homologous structure
What does thisnprove? (Divergent)?
A stricture that appears superficially different and is used ti perform a different function but had the same underlying STRUCTURE
eg
Vertagrate limps have different functiond but same bone steucture
2) this proves we all came from a common ancestor snd have evolved to different adapatvie festured - DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
How is biochemistry used?
- soke mutations happen and dont affect the molecukes function, these are neutral- AND NOT AFFECTED BY NATURAL SELECTION
- . If you know this you can use it with some molecules thst dint change like RNA ir cytochrome C to see when organsims were last similar
- compare DNA, RNA, enzymes lipids etc.
What is variation
Interspecific
Intraspecific
Differences in charactersitics between organsimsm
- inter = varition between OTHER SPECIES
- intra = within own species
What causes variation
- genetic material , differences in these cause
- enviroment
What cuases gebetic variation! (5)
- sexual reproduction: offspring produced cimes from collection of two parents
- chance : millions of gamates yet those were chosen , in RANDOM way
- Alleles, dominant variants and not, indicuaks inherit different versions of same gene = variwtion
- MUTATION : random or artifical these cause changes in base sequcnes whifh fause different charcterisrics . If occurs in GAMETES SENT TO NEXT GEN
- MEOSIS - independent assortment and crossover means two become 4 different
Charcateristics that come from bith enviroment wnd genetic?
Like height skin colour , intelligence etc
