10.7 To The End For Mocks Flashcards
What are adaptations
Characteristics that increase an organisms chande of survival and reproduction in its environment
How can you split adaptations into three categories
1) anatomical adaptations (physical features helping them, externally and internally )
2) behavioural adaptations (the way it acts, can be inherited innately or learnt from parents)
3) physiological adaptations (process thst take place in an organism that are better)
How can adaptations fall into more than one category
Like courtship of peakcocks, is a behavioural adaptation but also anatomical because feathers which have been adapted to like good are involved too
Anatomical adaptations examples
1) bidy coverings
- like hair scales eric feathers shells, help them to fly, stay warm , protection (snail and tutu edt) , prevent water loss etc
2) camouflage & allows it to blend with wnebiknemnt , protection and ESSIER to strack
3) teeth and beak = allows them to be better suited to diet available to them. Herbivores have better molars to eat grass, carnivores canines to rip meat
4) mimicry = copying anither organisms features (obviously by chance) but fools predwoted into thinking they are poisonous too , like posoinusncsterpilwlr so they don’t do anything
So 4 ways Bidy markings feathers spines etc fur shell Teeth beak Mimicry Camouflage
Example of marram grass (can you remember)
Marram grass have
- curled leaves which reduce air movement around cresting a stilk microclimate of humid air, which reduces the concentration gradient so thst transpiration reduces because water left stays in the environment , ALSO REDUCES SURFACE AREA
- has sunken stomata with micro hairs here too, again reduces wind movement creating still mcirolimateif humid air reducing cinc
- they have long vertical roots, but also create a shallow horixontal network of stems called rhizomes which he’ll collect water here and support the plant in changing envioments
- a thick waxy cuticle
Examples of behavioural adapstions
1) survival behaviours ( playing dead and freesing8
2) courtship to attract a mate , dance to attract,and this increases chance of reproduction
3) seasonal behaviours, allows them to survive changing climate , so migration, hibernation , moving to places where more fsvorusbek , or just inacrifth is slowed down to conserve energy
These fall into two categories, innajet ones (building webs) just inherited don’t need tk be twigjt
Taught knee like hunting
Examples of physiological adaptations
Things they have abaikifee and powers
1) poison production (venom to kill prey ), ehcmicsls plants use insect ideas repelsnndts
2) antibotic production , phenols in plants etc, some bacteria priudcre to kill others
Water holding , like arenchhma succulentd or fried to survive
So far we got anatmaiocal behavioural ohhsillgival
Anatomical,coils
Micmicrh camouflages bidy parts like feathers and teeth
Behavioural
Courtship, survival llahkjt dead , migration hibernation
Physiological
Poison, antibotic holding water
What are analogous structured and how does this provide evidence for CONVERGENT EVOLTUION
Analogous structured look superficially the same and may do the same function, but structurally are in fact DIFFERENT
This shows convergent evolution, thst different organisms have evolved to perform the same function but not because they came from the same ancestor (else they would have similar structured) but by chsnce to adapst to SIMILAR NICHES AND ENVIRONMENTS, thus they have similar adaptations
Examples of this are marsupials in Australia and placental anianls in Americans loom the same and have same functions in tails but actually aren’t reacted, just sdapted for similar niches
Natural selection
Organism exposed to a selection pressure
Those that may have a random mutuwtion that is advantageous are more likely to survive, others die
Thus more likely to reach reproductive age, reproduce and pass characteristic down
If this pressure icntinued ti exist iver many generations the organisms with the characteristic will thrive, thus eventually most of the population then gets this vhacertidric
This can lead to new species being msde too, as they could no longer breed to produce fertilise ofssprjng
Vsfisitone xsits with alleles, snd new can arise by mutwutjons lid one does better than selection oressure likely to survive snd pass it on, keeps happening from generations likely this without die out and those that do stay and survive, so orrooeotion if this allele in the population increased etc
Examples of this are
MRSA exposed ti selection pressure
Peppered moths during industrial revolution , white ones were chilling , could camouflage against bark trees, if dark easilly spotted and died
Post revolutions soot caused trees to look darker, noe reverse happened. Darker more famoflaged, so more likely to survive others die, and reproduce and so over generations the amount of black increased
