3 Inorganic Ions (2.1.2)

Question 1

Calcium

Answer 1

Ca 2+
TO DO WITH MOVEMENT IN ORGANISMS

• In synapses, it regulates transmission for impulses from neurone to neurones as key second messengers (neurotransmitters)
• stimulate muscles contraction
• cofactors for many enzymes (helper molecule, prosthetic , needed to work)

Question 2

Sodium

Answer 2

Na+

• transmission nerve impulses
• kidney function
• allows glucose amino acids transported across cell membranes

Question 3

Potassium

Answer 3

• essential for nerve transmission again
• reabsirbtion of water kidneys
• guard cell (stomatal) opening - photosynthesis

Question 4

Sodium potassium pump

What porcess it also uses, and why

Answer 4

Works together to make sodium potassium pump found in cell membrane neurone

• 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions in
  = stabilises membrane potential to MAINTAIN OSMOTIC EQUILIBRIUM (water potentials dynamically adjusted)
• process of active transport

Question 5

Hydrogen

Answer 5

• H+
• concentration of this determines pH so important for enzymes
• catalysis of reactions ( ph buffer)
• make HCL in stomach and pepsin (which break down food proteins)
• needed for photosynthesis in thylakoids of a chloroplast

Question 6

Ammonium

Answer 6

= NH4+
- MAKES NITRATE IONS BY BACTERIA, plants use

• needed for protein synthesis, and nuclei acids
• soil found in for plants
• maintains acid balance

Question 7

Nitrate

Answer 7

• No3-
• provide essential source of nitrogen , required for protein synthesis
• growth repair of plant

Question 8

Hydrogen carbonate

Answer 8

HCO3-
- PH buffer

• works with hydrogen ions in transport for carbon dioxide

Question 9

Chloride

Answer 9

Cl-

• move in and out of red blood cells to maintain pH
• balances positive and negative charge of sodium and potassium ions in cells
• also involved transport CO2 of blood
• cofactors for amylase enzymes
• nerve impulses use

Question 10

Phosphate

Answer 10

PO4-3

• attached to other molecules to form phosphate groups , essential for DNA ATP RNA
• allows nucleotides to make poly nucleotides
• phospholipids
• also bone formation

Question 11

Hydroxide

Answer 11

• more OH, more alkali
• catalysis of reactions again

Vital role as allows hydrogen bonds to be made , allows molecules to join
- dna pairing , secondary tertiary quaternary etc
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