Chapter 24 Populations And Sustainabiktig Flashcards
Features of a population graph regardless of organism contained
Phase 1- period of slow growth
- this because small numbers of organisms reproduce to increase , increase in size but delay as organisms born and grow to healthy reproductive age
Phase 2 log phase =
- no restraints on resoeuces, more organisms grow exponentially and more born
Phase three stable state,
- this because restraints now there such as space, food postings waste etc means birth and death rate the same = max population size
Then can be decline due to posit us substances and not enough resources to survive
What are portnila limiting factors abiotic and biotic
Abiotic = temperarure , light, humidity , pH , oxygen absilbaitly amount of food
Biotic = predation, disease caused by toxins, territory and completion
What is carrying capacity
This is the maximum population size an evenironment can support , at the steady stare
Birth rate and death rate stable
What other important factor affects populations
Immigration = movement of organisms into a particular area like if better conditions
Emigration = movement away ,
What are density independent and dependent factors
Density Independenzen factors are those that affect a population size that doesn’t depend on space , so these are the ones that have the GREATEST EFFECT
For example earthquakes , fires vilcanoes , regardless of size will affect crazily
But like toxic produces if big space not as much
Interspecific competition m what happens to population sizes of each
Here if two species different compete, less of both then if only one was there because less available to both
What is the competitive exclusion primciple?
What happens to less adapted
How to avoid this
This is where two different species compete, but one better adapted than other
- this leads to better adapted outfompeting and less adapted numbers dwindle and potentially become extinct in THAT HABITAT
= they may have to move out and adapt to another niche , or die out
Thus more niches harder it is for comeptive exclusion principle to happen
Red grey squirrel example
Grey introduced , can eat much more foods so outcompete red and red dwindled
What about cyclical like INTRASPECFIC COMP wxmplain graph
1) Initially when there is are plentiful resources in habitat organisms thrive and increase population
2: increased population means more need more food which system can not sustain , so numbers decrease
3) decreased numbers mean more can be supported against s completion decreases so increase
This cycle and maximum population is carrying capacity, dependent on resources
Predator prey relationship?
Interdependent, one goes up other does, so that ones down and other goes down so first goes up and eat
Other factors also affect, not as easy as this
Conservation vs preservation
Conservation is act of maintenance of biodiversity through HUMAN ACTION OR MANAGEMENT, so an active role
Preservation is Maintenance of biodiversity by restricting human involvement and interference all together , so that the ecosystem kept in Original state
Examples of conservation
Forrest stewardship scheme , captive breeding , seeds banks
What is reclamation (part of conservation)
This is the process of restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed by floods etc , also controlled burning of forests which halt succession
So basically taking back what is used to be
Example of where preservation needs to be used
WHY DO PEOPLE NOT BELIEVE IN PRESERVATION then
Virgin caves even smalelst of disturbance can cause destruction like soil being moved , as a result preservation here means complete restricted access to the area to orotect it
- However some people argue what’s the point of having a resoruces if you can’t use it at all, might aswell enjoy the cave. Etc
What is most commonly conserved and preserved
Nature is conserved, whereas only case of preservation in nature is like marine zones and nature reserves are preserved
Buildigns preserved
Why conserve ? Economically
Economically
- provide humans with resources needed to survive , provide whole countries with income through resources low income
- potential medicinal benefits for then and the future
Social
- aesthetically pleasing people enjoy it gives creatives inspeitstjon and helps recoveries and embionemnt for leisure
Ethical
- we don’t have right to decide which organisms can live or not , why should we keep panda alive and not other, not our right
- Moral responsibility to save them if we caused danger first
- and also we need to help them for future gens
Why conserve social
Social
- aesthetically pleasing people enjoy it gives creatives inspeitstjon and helps recoveries and embionemnt for leisure
Why conserve ethically
Ethical
- we don’t have right to decide which organisms can live or not , why should we keep panda alive and not other, not our right
- Moral responsibility to save them if we caused danger first
- and also we need to help them for future gens
What is a sustainable resource
A resource that ks being economically exploited in a way that it will not diminish and run out
Why should we do things sustainably?
- so that enbionemnt is preserved (to much exploitation kills it)
- ensure enough is available for future generations (main point)
- allow humans in all societies to live comfortably
- allow for less economically developed countries to develop
- and make more balance between consumption of redlruces between countires
How to susranolnlynproeuce timber on a SMALL SCALE
What is ROTATIONAL COPPICING
COPPICING
Here a tree trunk is cut CLOSE TO THE GROUND. Then new shoots grow from this and mature such that new shoots can be cut again
this where divided in sections and only cut in a particular area , and then another and another, giving time for first to grow , so basically farming
Why is rotational COPPICING goof
This maintains biodiversity as in an instant not all of the trees are ever cut completely, meaning sunlight and habitats still remain and prevents succession from happening and so more species can survive as opposed to the more dominant ones
What is pollarding
Here you cut the tree trunk slightly higher up
Advantage of this is do no deer and other animals can EAT SHOOTS AS THEY GROW
How can timber be produced large scale
Basically aim is to PREVENT FELLING OF FORESTS which will not grow
- selective cutting is removing the biggest trees
- replace trees by replanting rather than waiting for natural regeneration
- plant trees OPTIMAL distance apart to reduce competiton (more wood produced per tree)
- manage pests and pathogens
- ensure areas of forest remain for indebinius peoplem
What is a disadvantage of large scale timber production sustbainle techniques
Some habitats can be destroyed , and soil nutrients removed and also eroded
How is fish sustainable farmed
- quotas set on how much fish can be caught in terms of species means population isn’t over exploited
- use of nets with big holes means small fish can escape and grow to reproductive age
- only allow fishing in non reproductive seasons , as this means fish can be repeoiced
- use of fish farming prevents disease predators etc , snd e
Where is Masai Mara reserve
What does it have
In south Kenya
Fertile regions close to the river , away with scattered shrubs and tress
Famous for zebra and range of animals
A predator can
Keep preynnumbers stab,e as theynoscialte
And predation is density dependent
Why haemoglobin stufy panda
E could be convergent evolution, both adapted to same selection oressure for haemoglobin that has higher affinity , changes ha
Penned to both independent
Why figures for protein sequences higher
Genetic code degenerate more than 1 triplet for same amino acid
And that dna changes more than whole proteins because it it’s different
Not that hard
