Elbow and Shoulder

Question 1

Which condyle of the distal humerus is significantly larger?

Answer 1

Medial

Question 2

Name as many structures as you can?

Answer 2

1: skin; 2: extensor carpi radialis muscle; 3: brachialis muscle; 4: biceps brachii muscle; 5: dorsal aspect of the humeral condyle: 5a: medial ridge of the trochlea, 5b: groove, 5c: lateral ridge of the trochlea, 5d: capitulum; 6: dorsal articular capsule;

Question 3

Name the muscles over the cranial aspect of the elbow from medial to lateral?

Answer 3

At this level, the humeral condyle is covered by three muscles (from medial to lateral): the biceps brachii muscle belly and distal tendon, the brachialis muscle, and the extensor carpi radialis muscle.

Question 4

How do the collateral ligaments of the elbow differ?

Answer 4

Medial longer and smaller in cross sectional area. Lateral larger and thicker.

Question 5

Where does the ulnaris lateralis originate?

Answer 5

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Question 6

How doe you find the ulnaris lateralis on US

Answer 6

Move caudal from the lateral collateral ligament.

Question 7

Does the bacepts brachii insert craniomedially or craniolaterally on the proximal radius?

Answer 7

craniomedially

Question 8

Sonographic findings of post-anesthetic myopathy consist of?

Answer 8

Sonographic findings of post-anesthetic myopathy consist of loss of normal muscle striations and an overall increased muscle echogenicity.

Question 9

Howmany collateral ligaments does the shoulder have?

Answer 9

0

Question 10

5 is the infraspnatus but what is 4?

Answer 10

deltoideus

Question 11

How many centres of ossification does the proximal epiphysis of the humerus have?

Answer 11

In foals, there are two separate centers of ossification of the proximal humeral epiphysis: one

for the greater tubercle and one for the humeral head and lesser tubercle.

Question 12

What normal variation of the humeral tubcales can occur in the developing horse?

Answer 12

Irregularity of the intermediate tubercle, a notch over the intermediate tubercle.

In this image the irregularity of the contour of the intermediate tubercle present in both limbs is normal. At this age there is a partial degree of ossification of the two ossification centers.

Question 13

What connects the two lobes of the bicepts tendon proximally?

Answer 13

the isthmus

Question 14

In normal horses, a small amount of synovial fluid can be found at what aspect of the bicipital bursa slightly distal to the greater tubercle?

Answer 14

lateral

Question 15

What is the insertion of the supraspinatus muscle?

Answer 15

It splits at the neck of the scapula into two branches each with an intramuscular tendon. The tendons can be identified as echogenic structures within the less echoic suprasp- inatus muscle. They run superficially, one laterally and the other medially, to the biceps brachii tendon. The two tendons are connected by an aponeurosis of the supraspinatus muscle (Figure 5.18). The lateral tendon, bigger and roughly triangular in shape, is easier to identify and follow to its insertion on the cranial part of the greater humeral tubercle

Question 16

Where does the infraspinasus insert?

Answer 16

Caudal eminence of the greater tubercle of the humerus