effect of factors on rate of reaction in enzymes

Question 1

how does increased temp increase RoR

Answer 1

-increase impact and frequency of collisions
-increased formation of enzyme substrate complexes

Question 2

what happens after increasing temp beyond optimum

Answer 2

-reduces the rate of reaction
-breaking of bonds holding the enzymes tertiary structure in place
-looses catalytic abilities

Question 3

what causes denaturation in enzymes (temp)

Answer 3

-too much vibration of bonds in the enzyme
-breaking bonds, altering tertiary structure
-substrate no longer fits

Question 4

formula for temperature coefficient

Answer 4

Q10= rate of reaction at (x+10)degrees celcius/ rate of reaction at x degrees celcius

Question 5

what does temperature coefficient show

Answer 5

-how much the rate of reaction increases with a 10 degree rise in temperature

Question 6

when is temp coefficient no longer applicable

Answer 6

when enzyme is denatured

Question 7

what are enzymes that live in extreme heat environment called

Answer 7

-thermophiles
-some have an optimum temp of 85c

Question 8

what does reducing or increasing pH away from optimum pH do

Answer 8

-reduces the RoR
-the concentration of H+ in solution affects the tertiary structure of the enzyme molecule

Question 9

what is hydrochloric acid an example of

Answer 9

“proton donors” due to release of H+

Question 10

what is renaturation

Answer 10

-when the active site regains its shape and function again
-if the pH change is not too extreme

Question 11

what do the H+ ions in acidic environments interact with

Answer 11

-the charged and/or polar R groups in some of the AA’s in a protein (enzyme)

Question 12

what happens in environments that are too acidic

Answer 12

-more H+ ions that the polar R groups can interact with
-R groups interact with each other less
-if there’s less interaction, the bonds break and shape of enzyme changes

Question 13

what are R groups involved in (pH)

Answer 13

-hydrophobic interactions

Question 14

what happens in environments that are too alkaline

Answer 14

-fewer H+ in the environment that the polar R groups can interact with
-if the R groups interact with each other more, bonding will cause the shape to change

Question 15

what do the hydrogen ions interfere with and do

Answer 15

-interfere with the bonds that hold tertiary structures together
-they alter the charges on the R groups active site

Question 16

why is interaction with hydrogen bonds an issue (pH)

Answer 16

-hydrogen bonds hold structures like an alpha helix in place
-as H+ is increased in conc, the +ve charged attracted to the -ve charges on the alpha helix and replace hydrogen bonds

Question 17

what happens to the active site of a negatively charged amino acid if the pH is too high?

Answer 17

-H+ ions attracted to the negatively charged group
-they cluster around it
-interferes with the binding of the substrate to the active site

Question 18

what happens if theres a higher concentration of substrate

Answer 18

-there will be more collisions
-more substrate-enzyme complexes formed
-increased RoR

Question 19

why does the graph of substrate conc and RoR plataeu at the end

Answer 19

-all available enzymes have a substrate bound to them
-so are saturated

Question 20

what happens when theres an increased enzyme concentration

Answer 20

-the more active sites available
-more enzyme substrate complexes formed
-faster RoR

Question 21

what do buffers do

Answer 21

-resist the change in pH

Question 22

what are examples of buffers

Answer 22

-chemicals in the blood which can donate and accept protons to keep the pH close to 7.4

Question 23

why would u use buffers in an investigation

Answer 23

-for investigating enzyme action at different pH levels
-keep pH constant while investigating other factors