ECONOMIC DEV SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
urban wc grew rapidly during 20th centur
factories grew 1/3, industry workers doubled,> 2m working in industry by 1900 then trebled in 1913. cities grew moscow 1913 1.7m
urban workers had (summary)
low pay/terirble working conditions/poor housing/terrible living conditons
low pay= low moaral
1914 women mad eup 35% workforce, pay even lower for them(half).
pay differd regionally>moscow 175 rouble py, baku 360
workers pay/condition depression 1900-08 and even when economy picked up wages didnt
urban workers had a temporary status
majority(75%) born as peansts> some went back to village in summer harvest and returned industry in autumn(possible polotic ideas) however also roots of genuine/ture urban wc est
working condiitons
no saftey regulations(accidents fatal and common)
ralway workers unsafe 477 fatal incidents 1904, 566 fatal in factories.
disiplin from manages supervisors strict(physical punishemnt)
1 thing done was dec working hours
urban living coniditons
ST PETERSBURG+
industrial towns tended to be plouted/overcrowed.
limited sanitation arrangments
human/animal waste piled up on street
ST PETERSBURG
1908/9 30k died of cholera
1913 1/3 of all deaths cuased by disease
housing
workers found living in barraks
(corwed/insanitary/lack privacy/plank single bed shared according to shift)
some workers private accomidation but rent so high so workes slept of floor
factory reforms improved condition
act prohibiting night shifs(w+c)
workers had to be employed by contract by faccotry board
w+c under 12 cant work in mines
health insuiracne for accidents/sickeness, but only coverd minority of workers
working hour day reduced 10h
literacy rates were growing in town
urban literacy rate reacher 60% by 1897
some better of workers access to museams/musicalls/galleries/teas drinking inc social moblity for uw
working class developed a sense of solidatry
artels/food cooperatives
informed organsations of workers whic begun to rent communal apartment buildings and employ women to cook.
fc:allow bulk buying of goods>cheaper to memebers enc thousands of memebers
workers became more politically active
-trade unions legal after 1905
1905-2.8m workers on stirke
1914-1.3m(rose after going down)
more politically active as wc discontent was big factors in both rev and attracted radicle ideas such as marxism/sr
the peanuts remained deeply impoverished due to
witties policy on indirect taxation
state grain requstions
red pay(halted 1906,abol1907)
land hunger(rural pop over 100m 1910-inc 25% since 1877)
ag methods remain outdated
divisions amongst pesentry growing stronger 1
poor peasnts became’landless labourers migrants’>sold land to kulaks due to debt and got employed by them and moved to work in towns
divisions amongst peanstry stronger 2
kulaks grew (20%) of peasntry>helped by stolypin reforms allowed consolidate their strips into farms. used proficient machinary and fertilisers, explored peasnts through money lending
peasnts literacy rates growing
1897-21%>1914=40%(lower than rates in towns)
