CHANGES TO SOCIAL STRUCTURE 1855-94 Flashcards
the feudal social structure was beginning to
fragment and diversify, third elemt/kullaks (liberal/literate)
mc grown by 1987
500k, more professional occupations, owners of business/industry
(however still proportional small to west)
urban wc quadrupled
1855-0.5m, 1890- 2mil
1855:land owning mobility
members of autocratic gov, members of bureaucracy, provincial governers, keep law and order on their estate(serfs)
1855:land owning mobility
changes
lost control serfs1861>played role in zemstva1864>became land captains 1889
= lost control serfs= became entrupneaur/filled proffesions, begun to diversify
inc democracy- widening of political participation GOOD
introduction of zemstvo 1864, local self gov initive from below
inc democracy- widening of political participation BAD
voting always in favour of nobles, peasants underrepresented, standing councils tended to be members of nobility, introduction land captains 1889>limited power zemstva
ownership land changed
landowners holding declines, 1/3 landowners holding in 1861 sold>kulaks (taking over old responsablitys) by 1877 landowners 25% land, peasnts 31%
inc social mobility, opportunities for lower class
inc ed/ industry/town jobs = upwardly mobile peasnts
rule of law and justice GOOD
intro to western style legal system(innocent till guiltyect)
rule of law and justice BAD
intro of land captains 1889, use of special courts 1879(show trails)
development of wage labour ag
1860- 7mil, 1913, 4.5 mil
development wage labour urban/indsutrial wage
1850-1mil, 1913, 9.9mil
publication books /news paper inc
1894=10,691 = inc literacy
newsp= 1894 89
literacy/ed imporved
1855= 8k primary ski, 400k pupil,3.6k uni student
1878=23k, 1mil, 10k
however literacy remain low 1890 at 21%
