ECONOMIC DEV RUSSIA INDUSTRIAL WITTE 1892-1906

Question 1

Sergei witte

Answer 1

finacne minister replaced Ivan v, 1892-1906 wanted to strengthen autocracy+industrialse quick w/o social upheaval and instability autocracy

Question 2

continued state promotion industrial growth by

Answer 2

state provvide impetus for industrial growth, nationalising state owned enterprises (russia only)

Question 3

aims and policys industrialise quick

Answer 3

inc gov revenue, attract firing investment(France), attract foreign expertise, protect russian existing industries, build more railways

Question 4

great spurt 1890’s

Answer 4

mass foreign capital(FRACNE+BRITIAN) funded insiutry plants in major cities
railways emmecnly expanded (more In 1 decade than whole c prior)

Question 5

key dev placing russia currency on gold standard 1897

Answer 5

rouble more stable (foreign investors more attractd to russian industry)
1895 280 million roubles
1914 2000
+money loaded from other counties (France)

Question 6

railway emphasis building

Answer 6

1881 amount of track:13.7k
1913:43,850k (32x more than 1861)

Question 7

transiberain railway expansion

Answer 7

allowed transport of workers to more remote areas
source of revenue in long run
moving military around easier
helps with trad links for east

Question 8

high tarifs/taxes continues

Answer 8

used to inc gov revene(for capital)
vol of grain exports continued to inc 20% in this period

Question 9

impacts of high tarifs

Answer 9

protectionsm made imports more expensive making domestive goods/materials cheaper by comparison raising demand devloping domestic industries (protecting from foreign competiton)

Question 10

impact of wittes tax policies
(higher taxes)

Answer 10

raised indirect taxes on consumer goods>prices of goods rise, for peasnts to be able to afford given incentivce to produce and sell more grain>merchents and state export more abroad>brings wealth into russia and allows investment in indsutry(develops)
HOWEVER
more land used three feild sys(less fruitful) fammine

Question 11

summary of the witte system

Answer 11

1. foreign investment (reliance/laons)
   2.strong rouble gold standard
   3.protectionism
   4.high taxes
   5.railways

Question 12

3 facts from the witte system
1897-1910

Answer 12

number of factorties inc by 1/3
number of industrial workers doubled#
million tons of fossil fuels (coalx5,ironx3.5,oilx4)

Question 13

heavy industy
witte policy allowed devlopemnt of large scale heavy insudtries

Answer 13

regions began to spealsie in particular commodities
stpetersburg/moscow-engernerring
donbas region- coal
banku-oil
poland-varied

Question 14

cities grown massively facts

Answer 14

moscow 1890-753k, 1914-1.7m
stpetersburg, 1890-928k, 1914,2.2m

Question 15

evaluation of witte policys
caused sever unrest even though urban wc begun to grow

Answer 15

the state neglected the living and working class(marxist ideas growth)
peasnts being squeezed to pay for industralisation(disgrunted industrial workforce)
contributed to revolutionary sentimen in early 1900

Question 16

1899-1903

Answer 16

economic depression(hit all areas of economy)-output in many industrys fell, unemployment rose

Question 17

1903-5

Answer 17

economy begun to pick up again but was severly halted

Question 18

WITTE SACKED 1903:BLAMED FOR

Answer 18

economic slump post 1899
social unrest(unemploy/strikes doubled/peasnt disrubances)
not fully trusted by n.2 who was influencedd by converatives in royal court

Question 19

witte returned 1905(1st duma) as first priminister of russia

Answer 19

played big influence on ecourging tsar to issue concessions
negotiated with japan to concliude peace(treaty of portsmouth)

Question 20

witte replaced in may1906 by stolypin (2nd duma)

Answer 20

protested agaisnt fundamental laws

Question 21

1908-14(under witte policys)
economy began to grow quick again

Answer 21

8.5% per annum howveer workers becoming poor (prices rose 40% wages 8%)

Question 22

by 1914 catching up with national compeitiors (under witte polciys)

Answer 22

2nd largers of all produce
4th largerst gold mining
4th largesr produce coal/steel
5th largest industial power

Question 23

1915 witte died

Answer 23

predicint revolution and opposed russia involvemnt in ww1
n.2 commander of cheifs 1915-17>fall autocracy feb 1917

Question 24

the cost fo rapid economic growth did gerate social instability

Answer 24

over reliance on foregn loans (20%state revenue went on repayments in 1900)
heavy industries were prirotised over light industies(eg consumer goods)
industralisation was placed above welfare of people (poor living/working conditions>stirkes/discontent)
high taxes/tarrfis rose cost of living more exoesive for ordinary citizens.

Question 25

economic growth and social instabilty led to more urbansiation which …

Answer 25

towns made policitcal activity possible
workers exposed to radicle ideas such as marxism which they took bakc to village
a true wc develop(born in urban areas no peasnt bg)
railways>spread of ideas and allowed national organsiation develop
new ideas enterd russia from foregn countries (parliemtray democracies)

Question 26

evaluation of witte overall 1915

Answer 26

sucessful as helped russia catch up west but also created industrial wc prone to grivences and revolutionary ideas.