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Anatomy > Early Embryology > Flashcards

Early Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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2
Q

What processes must sperm undergo to be able to fertilize the egg?

A

Capacitation and acrosome

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3
Q

Female pronucleus

A

Formed after sperm has entered the egg via meiosis II of the oocyte’s nucleus

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4
Q

Male pronucleus

A

Formed by enlargement of the sperm’s nucleus

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5
Q

When and what is cleavage?

A

Occurs about 30 hrs post-fertilization, and is the cell division to form the blastocyst

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6
Q

Morula

A

when the cell have reached about 16-32 cells from division

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7
Q

What layers does the blastocyst separate into?

A

Embryo proper (inner cell mass) and Trophoblast (outer cell mass)

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8
Q

What portion of the trophoblast penetrates into the endothelium?

A

Syncyiotrophoblasts

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9
Q

Where is the extraembryonic mesoderm and what is it derived from?

A

Forms between the inner surface of the cytotrophoblast and outer surface of the amnion/exocoelomic membrane, and is derived from the umbilical vesicle

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10
Q

How is the chorionic cavity (extraembryonic cavity) formed?

A

Large cavities form in the extraembryonic mesoderm to form the cavity

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11
Q

What 2 layers does the extraembryonic mesoderm form?

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm and extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

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12
Q

Hydatidiform Mole

A

Trophoblast forms placenta membranes, but no embryonic development. Secretes high levels of hCG and may become malignant. Most arise from fertilization of an oocyte with no nucleus

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13
Q

Placenta Previa

A

Placenta forms over the cervix, causing severe and possibly life-threatening bleeding later in pregnancy

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14
Q

Placenta percreta

A

Chorionic villi penetrate the myometrium all the way to the perimetrium

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15
Q

Placenta Accrete

A

Abnormal adherence of placenta to the myometrium

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16
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation of blastocyst outside of the uterus

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17
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process of establishing trilaminar germ disc. Cells slip underneath the epiblast forming the primitive streak

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18
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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19
Q

Mesoderm

A

Forms the paraxial/lateral/intermediate mesoderms

20
Q

Ectoderm

A

Forms the neuroectoderm and neural crest cells

21
Q

Primitive node

A

Cephalic end of primitive streak surrounding the primitive pit

22
Q

Nodal gene

A

establishes the primitive streak, which is the body axis

23
Q

Fate map: Cranial region cells

A

Turn into notochord

24
Q

Fate map: Intraembryonic mesoderm

A

turns into Paraxial mesoderm

25
Q

Fate map: Intermediate mesoderm

A

Turns into lateral plate of mesoderm

26
Q

Fate Map: Extraembryonic mesoderm

A

Continuous with the lateral mesoderm

27
Q

Growth of embryonic disc

A

w3: cephalic region broadens and differentiates
w4: caudal region differentiates, primitive streak regresses

28
Q

Embryonic period

A

w3-8: Organogenesis, cranio/caudal/lateral folding, vasculogenesis

29
Q

Derivates: Ectoderm

A

CNS, PNS, eyes, epithelial skin, neural plate

30
Q

Derivatives: Paraxial Mesoderm

A

Bones, tendons, cartilage, muscles, dermis of skin

31
Q

Derivative: Intermediate mesoderm

A

Urogenital

32
Q

Derivates: lateral mesoderm

A

Parietal: serous membrane that lines the body cavity
Visceral: membranes around the organs

33
Q

Endoderm

A

GI and epithelium of the organs

34
Q

When do most large structural defects occur?

35
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

aka fetal alcohol syndrome– high doses of EtOH kill the anterior midline, creating craniofacial structure deficiencies

36
Q

Sirenomelia

A

Caudal region has insufficient mesoderm, impacting lower limb/vertebral/urogential development

37
Q

Situs inversus

A

Left and right organ positions are switched

38
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

Remnants of the primitive streak proliferate, forming a teratoma on the new borns coccygeal region. Is the most common type of tumor in new borns

39
Q

Weeks 9-12 of fetal development

A

External genitalia is formed, liver is main site of erythropoiesis

40
Q

Weeks 13-16 of fetal development

A

Rapid growth, limb movement, face forms, ovaries have oogonia

41
Q

Weeks 17-20 of fetal development

A

Movements can be felt by mom, CRL size increases another about 50mm

42
Q

Weeks 21-25 of fetal development

A

Sucking movements begin, fetus reacts to sound, surfactant is beginning to be secreted at 24w

43
Q

Weeks 25-29 of fetal development

A

Higher survival rate, erythropoiesis switches to the bone marrow

44
Q

Weeks 30-34 of fetal development

A

Pupillary light reflex, 32+w usually survive

45
Q

Weeks 35-38 of fetal development

A

CRL:36cm, CHL:50cm, weight:3-3.4kg

Anatomy (35 decks)

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