Drugs and Doping in Sport Flashcards
Ethics
Rules that dictate an individuals conduct
Deviance
Unacceptable behaviour
Often result of drive to win / ‘win at all costs’
Blood Doping
Method/Process
- Remove 2 pints 4 weeks before comp
- Freeze blood
- Blood replenishes in athlete
- Inject back in 2 hours before event
Blood Doping
Positive Side Effects
- ^ RBC
- ^ volume of haemoglobin
- ^ O2 transportation to working muscles
- = ^ performance
Blood Doping
Negative Side Effects
- ^ blood viscosity
- ^ risk of heart attack
- Pulmonary embolism
- Cerebral embolism
- Stroke
- Infections / blood-borne diseases
- Allergic reaction
Blood Doping
Most commonly used by…
Endurance athletes
Long distance runners / cyclists
(e.g. Lance Armstrong)
Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs)
Used to enhance performance illegally
Examples of PEDs
- Anabolic steroids
- Beta blockers
- Stimulants
Anabolic steroids
Enable train harder, longer and often lead to ^ strength & aggression
Beta Blockers
Help control HR and keep athlete calm
Stimulants
Work as a brain stimulant which ^ alertness
Other prohibited classes of substances
- Narcotic analgesics
- Anabolic agents
- Diuretics
- Peptide hormones, mimetics & analogues
- Substances with anti-oestrogenic activity
- Masking agents
Prohibited methods
- Enhancement of O2 transfer
- Blood doping
- Administration of products that enhance uptake, transport and delivery of O2
- Pharmacological, chemical or physical manipulation
- Gene doping
Classes of prohibited substances in certain circumstances
- Alcohol
- Cannabinoids
- Local anaesthetics
- Glucocorticsteroids
Legal supplements
Maximise training/performance legally
In addition to normal diet
Freely available but some based on questionable/conflicting research
Safety of legal supplements
Little known about long term effect of dome dietary substances
Prolonged use could be causing damage to health
Examples of legal supplements
- Creatine
- Carbohydrate powders/gels
- Glucosamine
- Melatonin
- Sports energy bars/drinks
- Specific vitamins & minerals
Advantages of Legal Supplements
Dietary supplements
- Include sports drinks / vitamins
- Improve general health & well-being
- Help build muscle
- ^ stamina
- Weight control
Advantages of Legal Supplements
Ergogenic Aids
^ strength, performance & recovery
Advantages of Legal Supplements
Hydration
- Hydration essential to exercise
- Dehydration detrimental
- Energy drinks contain electrolytes (sodium) –> stimulate thirst so encourage drinking & enhance body ability to hold water
- Carbs in energy drinks give extra energy & provide extra protein (prevent muscle loss)
Disadvantages of legal supplements
- Could contain banned substances / be contaminated
- Long term health implications
- High sugar content (e.g. drinks)
- Not everyone has access so not fair
- Purists argue simple training & normal balanced diet = make level playing field
Reasons elite performers use PEDs & doping
- Pressure to succeed from coaches/family/themselves –> can affect judgement/decision making
- Political pressure (politicians want nation to succeed)
- Monetary rewards for winning / Lucrative sponsorship deals
- ‘Everyone else takes them so why shouldn’t I’
Societal consequences of drug taking
Society seen as corrupt and full of unethical citizens who will do anything to ‘win at all costs’
Sporting consequences of drug taking
- Concept of fair play is severely challanged
- Cheating
- Sports become tainted struggling to gain sponsors
Performer’s consequences of drug taking
- Severe dangers to health & well being
- Possible death
Strategies to stop use of illegal drugs & doping
- WADA draws up list of banned substances
- Drug testing in and out of comp season
- Drug education
- Culture of keeping sport drug free should be created & reinforced
- Punishments for drug use more rigorous & longer –> WADA doubled the ban in 2015
WADA
- Independant body formed by IOC in 1999
- Responsible for drug testing
- Draws up list of banned substances
- Provides assistance to countries’ own anti-doping programmes & funds research
