DRRR|SUMMATIVE 3 Flashcards
_______is a state of being at risk. According to Republic Act 10121 also known as ‘Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010’, _______ is defined as the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. It may arise from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors such as poor design and
construction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness, limited official recognition of risk and preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental management (RA 10121).
Vulnerability
______________ is also situation specific. This means that if a specific province is prone to earthquake, it does not mean that all localities on that province is vulnerable to it. The vulnerability of different towns or cities or even provinces differ in the way they prepare for the hazard and the amount and type of resources they have in order to prevent and manage it
Vulnerability
it is also hazard specific. A community that is vulnerable to earthquake
hazard does not necessarily mean that it is also vulnerable to typhoons. Hazards have
different traits that can influence the disasters possible to happen.
Vulnerability
Four main types or elements exposed to hazards
Physical
Social
Economic
Environmental
Population density, remoteness of a settlement, the site/location, design and materials for critical infrastructure and for housing determine exposure. __________ element is design by describing the likely severity of damage or economic loss for a particular type of infrastructure when it is exposed to a certain level of hazard.
Physical
This refers to “The Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups” which include individuals or groups of people that face higher exposure to disaster risk and poverty including but not limited to, women, especially pregnant women, youth, children
especially orphans and unaccompanied children, elderly, differently-abled people,
indigenous people, the disadvantaged families and individuals living in high-risk areas, and danger zones, and those living in the road right-of-way, and highly congested areas are vulnerable to industrial, environmental, health hazards and road accidents. Included in the exposure are the marginalized farmers and fisher folks (RA 10121)
Social
Exposure is highly dependent upon the economic status of individuals, communities and nations. The poor are usually more exposed to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being negatively impacted by
disasters.
Economic
Activities that cause natural resource depletion and resource degradation are keys.
Environmental
are potentially damaging events, phenomena (earthquakes, landslides, storms, etc.) or human activities (illegal mining, logging) that cause loss of life, injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation (Makoka& Kaplan, 2005).
Hazards
is the concept that explains why a community is more or less at risk to a given hazard. It is the
coming together of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure that disaster risk occurs Geography, location and place, settlement patterns, and structures of houses and infrastructures determine physical vulnerability. Poor standard of housing and infrastructure as well as risk areas or hazard prone would mean high vulnerability areas”.
Vulnerability
is the totality of people, property, systems or other elements present in hazard zones that are subject to potential losses
Exposure
prevention and mitigation measures for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management(4)
- Risk Assessment Profile with the use of Hazard Maps
- Installation of Early Warning System
- Construction of Flood Control Dikes in Cagayan de Oro River
- Construction of landslide barriers/slope protection
is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. (UNISDR, 2009, adapted by Philippines DRR Law, 2010)
Hazard
Hazards can be categorized in different types(3)
Natural hazards
Quasi-natural hazard
Man-made hazards
- arise from natural processes in the environment either by rapid or slow onset.
e.g. earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, volcanic eruptions and floods
Natural hazards
- arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities
e.g. pollution or desertification, smog and fog
Quasi-natural hazards
These arise directly as a result of human activities.
e.g. accidental release of chemicals, toxic and pesticides to floral and fauna
Man-made hazards
Classification of Natural Hazards(3)
Biological hazard
Geological hazard
Hydrometeorological hazard
A process or phenomenon of organic or
conveyed by biological vectors/ agents, including exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances.
Examples include outbreaks of epidemic diseases (Ebola virus, flu virus), plant or animal contagion (rabies), insect or other animal plagues and infestations.
Biological hazard (“bios” – life)
Geological process or phenomenon which include internal earth processes, such as earthquakes, volcanic activity and emissions, and related geophysical processes such as mass movements, landslides, rockslides, surface collapses, and debris or mudflows
Examples are ballistic projectiles (rocks from an erupting volcano), ground shaking, landslide, lava flow, liquefaction, tsunami.
Geological hazard (“geo” – Earth)
These are process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature. Hydrometeorological hazards include tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons and hurricanes), thunderstorms, hailstorms, tornados, blizzards, heavy snowfall, avalanches, coastal storm surges, floods including flash floods, drought, heatwaves and cold spells.
Examples are tornado, flood, typhoon, forest fire.
Hydrometeorological hazard (“hydro” – water and “meteoros” – sky)
can be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wildland fires, locust plagues, epidemics, and in the transport and dispersal of toxic substances and volcanic eruption material.
Hydrometeorological conditions
Man-made Hazards Signs and Symbols
Flame
Health Hazard
Exploding Bomb
Skulls and Crossbones
Flammable, self-heating, emits flammable gas, and pyrophoric
Flame
Reproductive toxicity, respiratory sensitizer, target organ toxicity, aspiration toxicity
Health Hazard
Explosives, self-reactives, organic peroxides
exploding bombs
Fatal or toxic, acute toxicity
Skull and Crosssbones
Quasi-NAtural Signs and Symbols
Aquatic Toxicity
Air Toxicity
High waves/tsunamis
is defined is simply a condition or a set of circumstances that present a potential for harm. So far, you also have learned that hazards are divided into two broad categories: health hazard (can cause occupational illnesses) and
safety hazard (can cause physical harm or injuries).
hazard
2 broad categories of hazard
health hazard
safety hazard
can cause occupational illnesses
health hazard
can cause physical harm or injuries
safety hazard
6 types of hazard
biological
chemical
physical
safety
ergonomic
psychosocial
refers to the potential for loss, damage or
destruction a hazard can cause
risk
refers to the characteristics of a community or system that make it susceptible to the possible damaging effects of a hazard.
vulnerability
One way to classify hazard impacts is by means of general impact themes namely:(3)
- Danger to life which includes physical and psychological harm and diseases
- Denial of access like energy, water, communication and transport access
- Damage to the physical environment like buildings and land
Six (6) more specific types of hazard impacts
- Physical impact
- Psychological impact
- Socio- cultural impact
- Economic impact
- Environmental impact
- Biological impact
- Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises)
- Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation system, roads, bridges, power lines and communication lines.
- Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings
Physical impact
- Grief and psychological illness
- Marital conflict
- Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties
- Chronic anxiety
Psychological impact
- Displacement of population
- Loss of cultural identity
- Forced of adoption of new sets of culture
- Ethnic conflicts
Socio- cultural impact
- Loss of job due to displacement
- Loss of harvest and livestock
- Loss of farms, fish cages and other source of food
- Loss of money and other valuables
Economic impact
- Loss of forest due to forest fires
- Loss of fresh water due to salination
- Disturbance of biodiversity
- Loss of natural rivers
Environmental impact
- Epidemic to people, flora and fauna
- Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents
- Proliferation of different viral diseases
Biological impact
is the process of determining all physical and
nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment. Most occupational health and safety problems are caused by hazards which are not eliminated or managed. In order to prevent untoward incidents in a workplace or community, elimination or controlling of hazards is crucial. In some workplaces where hazards
cannot be eliminated, they must be monitored and properly managed at the least.
Hazard identification
is a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact.
Risk assessment
Steps in hazard identification and risk assessment(4)
- Identify the hazard
- Assess the Risk
- Make the changes
- Checking the changes made
Use the following methods in identifying hazards(5)
Observation
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
Hazard and risk surveys
Discussion groups
Safety audits
use your senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch - combined with knowledge and experience
Observation
obtain them from manufacturers and suppliers. It gives information on possible harm from hazardous substances and precautions that need to be taken.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
interview other people about their safety
concerns as far as the workplace is concerned. Utmost consideration should be given to children or visitors who could be at risk.
Hazard and risk surveys
are useful for identifying hazards and recommending solutions
Discussion groups
– a committee must be assigned to periodically check safety in the area.
Safety audits
Once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and possible severity of injury or harm will need to be assessed before determining how
best to minimize the risk. High-risk hazards need to be addressed more urgently than low- risk ones.
Assess the Risk
Once risks are assessed, the next step is to make decision for some necessary changes. These changes include removing the hazard and
replacing it with something less hazardous, engineering modifications like installation of exhausts, safety barriers and safety exits, modification of procedures, etc. Combination of the risk control measures mentioned above to effectively reduce exposure to hazards can also be done.
Make the changes
To make sure risk has been minimized, and a
further hazard has not been created, the new safety measures may need to be carefully tested before work begins again. Risk assessment doesn’t end with making changes. It is essential that these changes made are monitored and
checked. It must be monitored if the changes done are being followed consistently and if these changes contribute to the improvement of safety management in the workplace. This last step has to be done periodically to accurately assess the
effectiveness of the entire process.
Checking the changes made
