DRRR|SUMMATIVE 1 Flashcards
A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss
of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
HAZARD
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the
ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
DISASTER
are often a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences
Disasters
Its impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on human
physical, mental, and social wellbeing, together with damage to properties, destruction of assets, loss of services, social and economic disruptions, and environmental degradation.
Disasters
The damage caused by disaster cannot be measured. It also differs with the kind of:
1. ___________________
2. ____________
3. ______________________
4. ____________
- geographical location
- climate
- earth’s specific characteristics
- level of vulnerability
These determining factors affect generally the ______________, _________, ___________,____________ and __________ state of the affected area
psychological
socio – economic
political
ethnical
phsyical
2 classification of disasters:
natural
man-made
a natural phenomenon is caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be classified as rapid onset disasters and those with
progressive onset, such as droughts that lead to famine. These events, usually sudden, can have tremendous effects.
Natural Disasters
- Disasters caused by man are those in which major direct causes are identifiable intentional or non-intentional human actions.
Man-made
Three Categories of Man-made hazards
Technological/industrial disasters
Terrorism/Violence
Complex humanitarian emergencies
- Unregulated industrialization and inadequate
safety standards increase the risk for industrial disasters.
EXAMPLE: leaks of hazardous materials; accidental explosions; bridge or road
collapses, or vehicle collisions; Power cuts
Technological/industrial disasters
- the threat of terrorism has also increased due to the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to develop
weapons of mass destruction.
EXAMPLE: bombs or explosions; release of chemical materials; release of biological
agents; release of radioactive agents; multiple or massive shootings; mutinies
Terrorism/Violence
- the term complex emergency is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting from an international or civil war. In such situations, large numbers of people are displaced from their homes due to the lack of personal safety and the disruption of basic infrastructure including food distribution, water, electricity, and sanitation, or communities are left stranded and isolated in their own homes unable to access assistance.
EXAMPLE: conflicts or wars and Genocide the deliberate killing of a large group of
people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation
Complex humanitarian emergencies
- the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or
a loss) will happen (Merriam-Webster)
Risk
- is defined as “the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences”
- is thus multidisciplinary and is used in a variety of contexts. It is usually associated with the degree to which humans cannot cope (lack of capacity) with a situation (e.g. natural hazard).
RISK
The term ______________ refers to the potential (not actual and realized) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time period.
disaster risk
is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community. It should be noted that the effect of a hazard (of a particular magnitude) would affect communities differently
Disaster risk
It can also be determined by the presence of three variables:
hazards(natural or anthropogenic)
vulnerability to hazards
coping capacity(reduction, mitigation, and resilience to the vulnerability of a community)
______= ____________________ = _______________
Risk = exposure to hazard = vulnerability
Disaster Risk= ___________+_________+_________
__________________________________
_____________________
= hazard + exposure + vulnerability
_____________________________________
capacity
can be described as the resources available to
individuals, households and communities to cope with a threat or to resist the impact
of a particular hazard. Such resources can be physical or material, but they can also be
found in the way a community is organized or in the skills or attributes of individuals and/or
organizations in the community.
Capacity
often follow natural hazards such as typhoon, earthquake flash flood and the like. Its severity depends on how much impact a hazard has caused on society and the environment.
Disasters
It is the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals
Example: Food Security, Permanent housing, Local Knowledge
Capacity (Kapasidad)
It is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or (Katalagman) environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources (RA 10121)
Disaster(Katalagman)
It is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improving preparedness for adverse events are all examples of disaster risk reduction (National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, 2010).
Disaster Risk Reduction (Pagpanubo sa Risgo sa Katalagman)
- It is the function of hazard, vulnerability, and capacity
. The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. It is the result from a combination of hazards
Disaster Risk (Risgo sa Katalagman)
The degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes (RA10121)
Exposure (Pagkaladlad)
It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. (RA 10121)
Example: Poor location, House made of light materials, Community conflict
Vulnerability (Kahuyang)
- the “elements at risk”. According to the UNISDR (2009), exposure is defined as people, property, systems and other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential loss. (UNISDR, 2009)
Exposure
- a potentially dangerous physical occurrence, phenomenon or human activity that may result in loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation
Hazard
characteristics, conditions and circumstances of a community, system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a
hazard (RA 10121, 2010).
Reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure is possible by keeping people and property as distant as possible from hazards. We cannot avoid natural events from occurring, but we can concentrate on addressing the reduction of risk and exposure by determining the factors causing disasters.
Vulnerability
are processes or conditions, often development-related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity.
Disaster Risk factors are variables that either aggravate or mitigate the effects of hazards, affecting the degree or scope of a disaster
RISK FACTORS
FACTORS WHICH UNDERLIE DISASTERS
- Climate Change
- Environmental Degradation
- Globalized Economic Development
- Poverty and Inequality
- Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development
- Weak Governance
can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns.
Climate Change
- changes to the environment can influence the
frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to
these hazards. For instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase in
landslide hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused by
storm surges (UNISDR, 2009b).
Environmental Degradation
It results in an increased polarization
between the rich and poor on a global scale.
Globalized Economic Development
- Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazardexposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures.
Poverty and Inequality
is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster risk (Wisner et al., 2004), particularly extensive risk, with drought being the hazard most closely associated with poverty (Shepard et al., 2013). The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of life, injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods,
displacement, poor health, food insecurity, among other consequences.
Poverty
A new wave of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new opportunities for resilient investment emerge.
Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development
- __________ zones are investment environments in which public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their roles and
responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and public services.
weak governance
- which measures those who experience disaster firsthand which has the highest risk of developing future mental problems, followed by those in contact with the victims such as rescue workers and health care practitioners and the lowest risk are those most distant like those who have awareness of the disaster only through news.
Severity of exposure
- the female gender suffers more adverse effects. This worsens when children are present at home. Marital relationships are placed
under strain.
Gender and Family
adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after disasters but in general, children exhibit more stress after disasters than adults do.
Age
evidence indicates that severe mental
problems resulting from disasters are more prevalent in developing countries like the Philippines. Furthermore, it has been observed that natural disasters tend to have more adverse effects in developing countries
than do man-caused disasters in developed countries.
Economic status of country
There are several factors related to a survivor’s background and resources which are important for recovery from disaster. Recovery is worse if the survivors:
were not prepared before the disaster;
first time to experience a disaster or no experience at all in dealing with disasters;
after the disaster, they are dealing with other stressors.
have low or poor self-esteem;
think that nobody cares for them or feeling left alone;
think that they have little control over what happens to them; and
less capacity to manage the stress by themselves.
Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:
bereavement (death of someone close);
panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster;
broken family or being separated from family (especially among youth); and
being forced to leave home or displaced.
Other factors specific to the survivor
The help and support extended by others can be both a risk and a resilience
factor. After a disaster, social support may become weak. It may be due to the need
for members of the support network to get on with their own lives or due to stress.
Sometimes others responses for support are negative. For example, even though
you are a survivor and yet someone may play down your problems, needs, or pain,
or expect you to recover more quickly than is realistic. This situation would result to
a long-term distress in traumatized survivor.
Low or negative social support
Natural disaster is usually followed by several communicable diseases and
most of the affected individuals are those who are displaced. The risk for
communicable disease transmission after disasters is associated primarily with the
size and characteristics of the displaced population, specifically the proximity of safe
water and functioning latrines, the nutritional status of the displaced population, the
level of immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, and the access
to healthcare services (From an article on Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007).
These diseases should be considered when post disaster risk assessments are
performed by the people in authorities
Communicable Diseases Associated with Natural Disasters
Water-related Communicable Diseases:
Diarrhea
Hepatitis A and E
Leptospirosis
transmitted by the fecal-oral route, in association with lack of access to safe water and sanitation. Hepatitis A is endemic in most developing countries, and most children are exposed and develop immunity at an early age.
Hepatitis A and E
This is an epidemic-prone zoonotic bacterial disease that can be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated water. Rodents or
mice shed large amounts of leptospires in their urine, and transmission occurs through contact of the skin and mucous membranes with water, damp soil or vegetation (such as sugar cane), or mud contaminated with rodent urine.
Leptospirosis
common in populations displaced by
natural disasters and this can facilitate hasten the transmission of many communicable diseases
Crowding
Crowding disease
Measles
