DRC 4709 A Flashcards
Que signifie le droit comparé ?
Déf : Science qui étudie les différents droits et systèmes juridiques appliqués à l’international afin de pouvoir les comparer.
- Mettre en parallèle deux concepts/ modèles/ règles/ institutions –> DONC : parallèle des mises en application/dégager les convergences/divergences des divers systèmes de droit.
- Pour comparer des éléments, il faut que les matières en question possèdent des similitudes quant à son ordre/nature/genre pour que la comparaison soit authentique.
Que signifie les intérêts théoriques ET pratiques du droit comparé?
INTÉRÊTS THÉORIQUES :
Ils peuvent se manifester dans les faits que le droit comparé est un instrument de culture & de formation - ce permet de gagner une connaissance sur des cultures étrangères tout en aidant à cerner ET s’introduire dans les cultures allogènes en relativisant les similitudes/différences.
–> Formation = les méthodes peuvent être distinctes, notamment pour la création de normes juridiques (i.e., système de droit codifié OU pas)
INTÉRÊTS PRATIQUES :
Connaître les différentes façons d’appliquer les matières de droit pour cibler celle appropriée au cas.
- Le droit est un phénomène humain/civilisationnel/culturel. Le droit véhicule des intérêts multiples = reflet de sa population.
*Autant de systèmes de droit que d’États – propre réalité.
Que signifie la méthode des 3 C ?
La méthode comparative est un exercice intellectuel qui consiste dans la connaissance, la compréhension et la comparaison du droit « la règle des trois C ».
- Corrélation directe entre les règles et les connaissances quant à son application/compréhension.
–> La compréhension se réfère à son contexte de l’élaboration des règles
(CHERIF/GAMAL) Islamic law derives primarily from what ?
Islam is holistic (Islamic law = Shari’ah) derives primarily from religious sources, namely the holy book of Islam, the Qur’an and the sayings/deeds of the Prophet Muhammad (the Sunnah).
(CHERIF/GAMAL) Norms evolved through what context?
The norms evolved through legal scholars’ work using the usul al-fiqh methodology.
(CHERIF/GAMAIL) TRUE/FALSE, are the tribal techniques used in the application of certain legal reasoning techniques (prior: was used by the Prophet and his Companion) - are they still used today?
What does Ijma, Urf, Qiyas, Maslaha/Istislah, Istihsan and Darura mean?
TRUE
o Ijma : consensus
o Urf : custom
o Qiyas : analogy
o Maslaha & istislah : consideration of the public good
o Istihsan : the best outcome in a given case
o Darura : necessity
(CHERIF/GAMAL) Who was the first jurist to write a treatise on the discipline of usul al-fiqh?
What is this person referred as?
The first jurist to write a treatise on the discipline of usul al-fiqh was al-Shafi’i in his seminal Al-Risalah.
Referred as the father of Islamic jurisprudence – he expanded/systematized principles and techniques of legal reasoning previously used by Arab-Muslim jurists in application of the Shari’ah, and in the development of norms which were to be consonant with the Qur’an and the sunnah.
(CHERIF/GAMAL) How do we call the legal science/technique that combines legal, philosophical, and epistemological dimensions in a methodological framework?
How is it applied?
Ilm usul al-fiqh
It includes the identification, appraisal, and ranking of the sources of law in accordance with a certain methodology deemed valid by the consensus of the community of legal scholars.
o Ijtihad : unprecedented doctrinal development
o Fatwa : advisory opinion
o Taqlid : rigid following
o Qadi : judge
(CHERIF/GAMAL) What are the 12 sources of Islamic law in order ?
What are the main problems?
(1) Qur’an
(2) Sunnah
(3) Ijma
(4) Qiyas
(5) Istislah/Maslaha
(6) Istihsan
(7) Urf
(8) The practices of the first four “Wise Caliphs”
(9) Ijtihad
(10) Treaties and pacts
(11) Contracts
(12) Jurisprudence of judges
** The four schools of Islamic law don’t agree on the order of the supplementary sources…
** Debate regarding the Qur’an/Sunnah = interpreted literally ?
*** Condemns the future to a rigid following of the past…
(CHERIF/GAMAL) What are the characteristics of the Qur’an?
o Seen as the world of God revealed to His prophet and messenger, Muhammad.
The text was ‘verified’ by the Prophet = authenticity…
o The verses of the Qur’an are therefore identified as “Meccan” or “Medinese.”
o The text contains 114 chapters (sura).
70 verses on family and inheritance law, 70 verses on obligations and contracts, 30 verses on criminal law, and 20 verses on procedure.
(CHERIF/GAMAL) What are the characteristics of the Sunnah?
It means an established practice that sets an example to be followed – it refers to the practice of the Prophet expressed in actions, in oral pronouncements, or in concurrence in action by others.
Scholars of hadith focus their attention on :
(1) The content of the saying must be logical and not self-contradictory and must also not disagree with any provision in the Qur’an or in the established, authenticated hadith.
(2) The chain of transmitters, from the time of the Prophet to the time when the hadith compilations were written. Certain qualifications must be met by the narrators- who constitute the links in the chain of transmission (isnad)
* (2.a) They should be known to be of high ethical standing and therefore trustworthy
* (2.b) Narrators in any two successive links in the chaib must have been contemporaries and must have lived at the same place or otherwise proven ta have met, for example, during the pilgrimage to Mecca
(CHERIF/GAMAL) What are the characteristics of the Ijma?
Convergence of opinion
Active consensus, when all the jurists qualified to participate express the same opinion on a particular issue
Passive consensus, when some qualified jurists express an opinion and the others, being aware of it, do not dissent
* *** Active consensus is considered a valid source of new rules of law by all four schools of jurisprudence of Sunni Islam. Passive consensus has the approval of only two of the four schools…
(CHERIF/GAMAL) What are the characteristics of the Qiyas?
It is based on the use of reason to conclude that an existing rule applies to a new situation because it is similar to the situation regulated by that rule, or to abstain from applying the existing rule to the new situation that is proven dissimilar.
The use of analogy for the formulation of new rules of law requires a determination of the raison d’etre behind the existing rule illa = rationale.
* This rationale alone is not enough ta extend an existing rule ta a new situation, and its absence is not sufficient ta exclude the new situation from the sphere of the existing rule.
(CHERIF/GAMAL) What are the characteristics of the Urf?
What distinguishes urf (custom) from ijma (consensus) as a source of rules of law is that consensus is the domain of qualified jurists alone, while custom is derived from the established practices of common people in their daily dealings with each other.
(TAVAWALLA) What are the 5 categories of the Sharia?
(1) Obligatory (legal)
(2) Forbidden (legal)
(3) Recommended (moral)
(4) Permissible (moral)
(5) Reprehensible (moral)
(TAVAWALLA) TRUE/FALSE, is there a separation between Islamic law and Islamic religion?
FALSE,
Unlike western law, which is largely secular, there is no separation between Islamic religion and law” Muslim individuals must settle disputes in accordance with Islamic law. The jurisdiction of Sharia extends to all contracts and relationships.
(TAVAWALLA) According to Hallaq (McGill Prof), what are the 2 reasons why most ad hoc cases involving Muslims petitioning for rights are rejected?
What is the ultimate reason?
- Canadian judges generally are not willing to allow foreign concepts to dictate their modus operandi. + Culturally, a Canadian or American judge does not relate to foreign concepts.
- Islamic law does not function and have the same framework as Canadian law. It has different ideas and different categories. It involves many complications and changes to procedural law.
–> Due to the protection of fundamental rights, it may not always be feasible to modify or override certain legal requirements in accordance with Islamic law, as Canadian laws and procedures take precedence. In other words, the Canadian legal system cannot make exceptions or compromise on certain requirements in order to accommodate Islamic law, as doing so would go against the principles and rights that are protected by the Canadian Constitution.