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Biology > DNA Technology Exam > Flashcards

DNA Technology Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sex linkage

A

genes that occur on the sex chromosome are inherited differently in men and women

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2
Q

hemophilia

A

disease where one lacks blood clotting protein (factor VIII protein that helps clot blood)

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3
Q

color blindness

A

lacks receptor for orange vs. green light
XN XN XN y healthy
XN Xn carrier
Xn Xn Xn y sick

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4
Q

genetic engineering

A

the alteration of DNA through uses of enzymes and vectors

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5
Q

chromatography

A

Way of separating molecules

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6
Q

restriction enzymes

A

enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences

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7
Q

probes

A

single stranded radioactively labeled nucleic segments

used to identify “gene of interest”

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8
Q

Southern Blot

A

asfdfs

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9
Q

electrophoresis

A

technique which uses electrical current t separate molecules

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10
Q

agarose

A

what the gel is made of and acts as a filter

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11
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA formed by joining pieces from different sources

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12
Q

Sticky Ends

A

staggered single stranded piece extending from cut DNA

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13
Q

PCR

A 
Polymerase chain reaction
a method for copying large quantities of a particular piece of DNA
3 step cycle:
heating-unzips
cooling-add primer/helper
replication-copy template
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14
Q

DNA sequencing

A

using gel electrophoresis to find the gene code

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15
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

using electrophoresis and enzymes to identify aspects of DNA

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16
Q

transgenic/GMO

A

genetically modified, an organism containing a foreign gene

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17
Q

vectors

A

a substance used to insert a gene into a new cell (gene carriers)

18
Q

gene insertion

A

ex. transgenic bacteria
Find gene:use probe
cut out gene of interest: use restriction enzyme
cut a plasmid with same enzyme- same sticky ends
create recombinant DNA by having sticky ends fuse on gene and vector
Vector inserts gene into host, which will make the protein of interest

19
Q

gene therapy

A

the insertion of genes into humans to correct illnesses

20
Q

medicine production

A

ex. insulin

21
Q

plasmids

A

circular DNA in bacteria

Only use if inserting into a bacteria and some plants

22
Q

liposomes

A

balls of lipids

23
Q

Agrobacterium

A

a bacteria that we get the plasmids from to make transgenic plants

makes: antibug, antirot, Vitamin A, antiweed

24
Q

Golden rice

A

transgenic rice that has beta caroten or vitamin A in it. Sent to poor countries

25
Q

Human Genome Project

A

international project to find all gene codes in a human

First head was James watson and final head was Dr. Collins (Francis)

26
Q

ultrasound

A

the use of sound waves to create an image of a structure(fetus

27
Q

amniocentesis

A

the extraction of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid to study chromosome abnormalities

28
Q

karyotype

A

medical tool used to study chromosomes by arranging them by size and shape

29
Q

IVF

A

in vitro fertilization
Steps:
give woman hormones to produce more eggs, collect eggs and sperm and combine in dish, zygote grows into a blastocyst which is inserted into the uterus or a surrogate uterus.

reasons:
helps women with damaged or absent fallopian tubes or male with low sperm production,
infertility

30
Q

Microsort method

A

steps: dye sperm sex chromosomes
x chromosome holds more dye and becomes charged
separate sperm by their charge

reasons:
family balancing, sex linked diseases

31
Q

PGD

A 
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
steps:
do ivf
cells withdrawn
looked at DNA sequencing, analyzed for genetic defects
only use healthy embryo
32
Q

cloning

A

the production of identical cells without fertilization
also called somatic nuclear transfer

steps:
obtain egg and remove nucleus,
obtain adult somatic nucleus and insert into empty egg,
reprogram DNA using electricity and chemicals (turn on genes),
insert embryo into uterus or a surrogate mother

reasons:
create new life, make more of an endangered species, GMOs, clone pets

Dolly: first cloned animal, sheep

33
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

way of making stem cells,

put an adult nucleus in an egg and let it develop for 3-4 days then remove the cells before it dies

34
Q

specialization/differentiation

A

cells are programmed to have specific function by turning genes on and off

the process by which a less specialized cell (with all its DNA on) becomes a more specialized type (some of its DNA turned off)

35
Q

gene expression

A

when cloning there may be an abnormal gene expression, which can turn the cancer gene on

36
Q

iPS

A

induced pluripotent stem cells

stem cells that are created by genetically engineering normal somatic with special regulatory genes

reprogram a somatic specialized cell nucleus back to being pluripotent stem cell

37
Q

multipotent adult stem cells

A

not fully potent

found in bone marrow-can form any type of blood cell as well as some cartilage and bone

umbilical cord cells-can make any type of blood cell

these cells can help fix/repair damaged tissues, organs, etc.

38
Q

pluripotent embryonic stem cells

A

has many potentials, slightly specialized, come from an embryo
must be donated by family

more can be made by therapeutic cloning

39
Q

Ashi DeSilva

A

had an immune deficiency, was missing an enzyme so she had no immune system
had to be in isolation

added gene to her white blood cells which cured her

40
Q

Jesse Gelsinger

A

also tried fixing by gene therapy but died in the process, made rethink ideas

41
Q

Craig Venter

A

owner of the company CELERA. was the first to fully code a human genome. His company found a quicker way to read the genes by a machine

42
Q

Southern blot

A

Use radioactive probes to grab DNA and light them up, which acts as an X-ray

Biology (18 decks)

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