DNA Technology Exam

Question 1

sex linkage

Answer 1

genes that occur on the sex chromosome are inherited differently in men and women

Question 2

hemophilia

Answer 2

disease where one lacks blood clotting protein (factor VIII protein that helps clot blood)

Question 3

color blindness

Answer 3

lacks receptor for orange vs. green light
XN XN XN y healthy
XN Xn carrier
Xn Xn Xn y sick

Question 4

genetic engineering

Answer 4

the alteration of DNA through uses of enzymes and vectors

Question 5

chromatography

Answer 5

Way of separating molecules

Question 6

restriction enzymes

Answer 6

enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences

Question 7

probes

Answer 7

single stranded radioactively labeled nucleic segments

used to identify “gene of interest”

Question 8

Southern Blot

Answer 8

asfdfs

Question 9

electrophoresis

Answer 9

technique which uses electrical current t separate molecules

Question 10

agarose

Answer 10

what the gel is made of and acts as a filter

Question 11

Recombinant DNA

Answer 11

DNA formed by joining pieces from different sources

Question 12

Sticky Ends

Answer 12

staggered single stranded piece extending from cut DNA

Question 13

PCR

Answer 13

Polymerase chain reaction
a method for copying large quantities of a particular piece of DNA
3 step cycle:
heating-unzips
cooling-add primer/helper
replication-copy template

Question 14

DNA sequencing

Answer 14

using gel electrophoresis to find the gene code

Question 15

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 15

using electrophoresis and enzymes to identify aspects of DNA

Question 16

transgenic/GMO

Answer 16

genetically modified, an organism containing a foreign gene

Question 17

vectors

Answer 17

a substance used to insert a gene into a new cell (gene carriers)

Question 18

gene insertion

Answer 18

ex. transgenic bacteria
Find gene:use probe
cut out gene of interest: use restriction enzyme
cut a plasmid with same enzyme- same sticky ends
create recombinant DNA by having sticky ends fuse on gene and vector
Vector inserts gene into host, which will make the protein of interest

Question 19

gene therapy

Answer 19

the insertion of genes into humans to correct illnesses

Question 20

medicine production

Answer 20

ex. insulin

Question 21

plasmids

Answer 21

circular DNA in bacteria

Only use if inserting into a bacteria and some plants

Question 22

liposomes

Answer 22

balls of lipids

Question 23

Agrobacterium

Answer 23

a bacteria that we get the plasmids from to make transgenic plants

makes: antibug, antirot, Vitamin A, antiweed

Question 24

Golden rice

Answer 24

transgenic rice that has beta caroten or vitamin A in it. Sent to poor countries

Question 25

Human Genome Project

Answer 25

international project to find all gene codes in a human | First head was James watson and final head was Dr. Collins (Francis)

Question 26

ultrasound

Answer 26

the use of sound waves to create an image of a structure(fetus

Question 27

amniocentesis

Answer 27

the extraction of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid to study chromosome abnormalities

Question 28

karyotype

Answer 28

medical tool used to study chromosomes by arranging them by size and shape

Question 29

IVF

Answer 29

in vitro fertilization Steps: give woman hormones to produce more eggs, collect eggs and sperm and combine in dish, zygote grows into a blastocyst which is inserted into the uterus or a surrogate uterus. reasons: helps women with damaged or absent fallopian tubes or male with low sperm production, infertility

Question 30

Microsort method

Answer 30

steps: dye sperm sex chromosomes x chromosome holds more dye and becomes charged separate sperm by their charge reasons: family balancing, sex linked diseases

Question 31

PGD

Answer 31

``` preimplantation genetic diagnosis steps: do ivf cells withdrawn looked at DNA sequencing, analyzed for genetic defects only use healthy embryo ```

Question 32

cloning

Answer 32

the production of identical cells without fertilization also called somatic nuclear transfer steps: obtain egg and remove nucleus, obtain adult somatic nucleus and insert into empty egg, reprogram DNA using electricity and chemicals (turn on genes), insert embryo into uterus or a surrogate mother reasons: create new life, make more of an endangered species, GMOs, clone pets Dolly: first cloned animal, sheep

Question 33

therapeutic cloning

Answer 33

way of making stem cells, | put an adult nucleus in an egg and let it develop for 3-4 days then remove the cells before it dies

Question 34

specialization/differentiation

Answer 34

cells are programmed to have specific function by turning genes on and off the process by which a less specialized cell (with all its DNA on) becomes a more specialized type (some of its DNA turned off)

Question 35

gene expression

Answer 35

when cloning there may be an abnormal gene expression, which can turn the cancer gene on

Question 36

iPS

Answer 36

induced pluripotent stem cells stem cells that are created by genetically engineering normal somatic with special regulatory genes reprogram a somatic specialized cell nucleus back to being pluripotent stem cell

Question 37

multipotent adult stem cells

Answer 37

not fully potent found in bone marrow-can form any type of blood cell as well as some cartilage and bone umbilical cord cells-can make any type of blood cell these cells can help fix/repair damaged tissues, organs, etc.

Question 38

pluripotent embryonic stem cells

Answer 38

has many potentials, slightly specialized, come from an embryo must be donated by family more can be made by therapeutic cloning

Question 39

Ashi DeSilva

Answer 39

had an immune deficiency, was missing an enzyme so she had no immune system had to be in isolation added gene to her white blood cells which cured her

Question 40

Jesse Gelsinger

Answer 40

also tried fixing by gene therapy but died in the process, made rethink ideas

Question 41

Craig Venter

Answer 41

owner of the company CELERA. was the first to fully code a human genome. His company found a quicker way to read the genes by a machine

Question 42

Southern blot

Answer 42

Use radioactive probes to grab DNA and light them up, which acts as an X-ray