DNA Technology Exam Flashcards
sex linkage
genes that occur on the sex chromosome are inherited differently in men and women
hemophilia
disease where one lacks blood clotting protein (factor VIII protein that helps clot blood)
color blindness
lacks receptor for orange vs. green light
XN XN XN y healthy
XN Xn carrier
Xn Xn Xn y sick
genetic engineering
the alteration of DNA through uses of enzymes and vectors
chromatography
Way of separating molecules
restriction enzymes
enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences
probes
single stranded radioactively labeled nucleic segments
used to identify “gene of interest”
Southern Blot
asfdfs
electrophoresis
technique which uses electrical current t separate molecules
agarose
what the gel is made of and acts as a filter
Recombinant DNA
DNA formed by joining pieces from different sources
Sticky Ends
staggered single stranded piece extending from cut DNA
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction a method for copying large quantities of a particular piece of DNA 3 step cycle: heating-unzips cooling-add primer/helper replication-copy template
DNA sequencing
using gel electrophoresis to find the gene code
DNA fingerprinting
using electrophoresis and enzymes to identify aspects of DNA
transgenic/GMO
genetically modified, an organism containing a foreign gene
vectors
a substance used to insert a gene into a new cell (gene carriers)
gene insertion
ex. transgenic bacteria
Find gene:use probe
cut out gene of interest: use restriction enzyme
cut a plasmid with same enzyme- same sticky ends
create recombinant DNA by having sticky ends fuse on gene and vector
Vector inserts gene into host, which will make the protein of interest
gene therapy
the insertion of genes into humans to correct illnesses
medicine production
ex. insulin
plasmids
circular DNA in bacteria
Only use if inserting into a bacteria and some plants
liposomes
balls of lipids
Agrobacterium
a bacteria that we get the plasmids from to make transgenic plants
makes: antibug, antirot, Vitamin A, antiweed
Golden rice
transgenic rice that has beta caroten or vitamin A in it. Sent to poor countries
Human Genome Project
international project to find all gene codes in a human
First head was James watson and final head was Dr. Collins (Francis)
ultrasound
the use of sound waves to create an image of a structure(fetus
amniocentesis
the extraction of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid to study chromosome abnormalities
karyotype
medical tool used to study chromosomes by arranging them by size and shape
IVF
in vitro fertilization
Steps:
give woman hormones to produce more eggs, collect eggs and sperm and combine in dish, zygote grows into a blastocyst which is inserted into the uterus or a surrogate uterus.
reasons:
helps women with damaged or absent fallopian tubes or male with low sperm production,
infertility
Microsort method
steps: dye sperm sex chromosomes
x chromosome holds more dye and becomes charged
separate sperm by their charge
reasons:
family balancing, sex linked diseases
PGD
preimplantation genetic diagnosis steps: do ivf cells withdrawn looked at DNA sequencing, analyzed for genetic defects only use healthy embryo
cloning
the production of identical cells without fertilization
also called somatic nuclear transfer
steps:
obtain egg and remove nucleus,
obtain adult somatic nucleus and insert into empty egg,
reprogram DNA using electricity and chemicals (turn on genes),
insert embryo into uterus or a surrogate mother
reasons:
create new life, make more of an endangered species, GMOs, clone pets
Dolly: first cloned animal, sheep
therapeutic cloning
way of making stem cells,
put an adult nucleus in an egg and let it develop for 3-4 days then remove the cells before it dies
specialization/differentiation
cells are programmed to have specific function by turning genes on and off
the process by which a less specialized cell (with all its DNA on) becomes a more specialized type (some of its DNA turned off)
gene expression
when cloning there may be an abnormal gene expression, which can turn the cancer gene on
iPS
induced pluripotent stem cells
stem cells that are created by genetically engineering normal somatic with special regulatory genes
reprogram a somatic specialized cell nucleus back to being pluripotent stem cell
multipotent adult stem cells
not fully potent
found in bone marrow-can form any type of blood cell as well as some cartilage and bone
umbilical cord cells-can make any type of blood cell
these cells can help fix/repair damaged tissues, organs, etc.
pluripotent embryonic stem cells
has many potentials, slightly specialized, come from an embryo
must be donated by family
more can be made by therapeutic cloning
Ashi DeSilva
had an immune deficiency, was missing an enzyme so she had no immune system
had to be in isolation
added gene to her white blood cells which cured her
Jesse Gelsinger
also tried fixing by gene therapy but died in the process, made rethink ideas
Craig Venter
owner of the company CELERA. was the first to fully code a human genome. His company found a quicker way to read the genes by a machine
Southern blot
Use radioactive probes to grab DNA and light them up, which acts as an X-ray
