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CVPR: Renal (Exam 4) > Diuretics and Anti-hypertensives > Flashcards

Diuretics and Anti-hypertensives Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 K+-Sparing diuretics.

A
  • Spironolactone
  • eplerenone
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2
Q

Blood pressure is the product of _____ and _____.

A

cardiac output (C.O.) and peripheral vascular resistance (P.V.R.)

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2
Q

What is Acetazolamide?

A

a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that acts as a diuretic

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3
Q

How do thiazide diuretics work?

A

inhibit the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, causing moderate diuresis

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3
Q

What is the main unique SE of Spironolactone?

A

gynecomastia

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4
Q

What do ACE inhibitors treat?

A
  • HTN
  • HF
  • CKD
  • diabetic nephropathy
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4
Q

What are the adverse side effects of ARBs?

A
  • hyperkalemia
  • contraindicated in pregnancy
  • mild increase in SCr
  • angioedema (rare)
  • anemia (rare)
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5
Q

When is mannitol used?

A
  • to prevent acute kidney injury in glaucoma
  • in elevated intracranial pressure
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6
Q

Name 4 loop diuretics.

A
  • Furosemide
  • bumetanide
  • torsemide
  • ethacrynic acid
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7
Q

What part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorption of 70-80% of all water, electrolytes, short peptides, and other small molecules in the plasma ultrafiltrate?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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7
Q

Where do the K+-Sparing Diuretics act upon?

A

the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

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8
Q

Acetazolamide can induce ______.

A

metabolic acidosis

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9
Q

How do the K+ sparing diuretics work?

A

they are aldosterone antagonists

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10
Q

Name 3 thiazide diuretics.

A
  • HCTZ
  • chlorthalidone
  • metolazone
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11
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A
  • block the conversion of ATI to ATII
  • block the degradation of bradykinin
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12
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

compete with catecholamines at peripheral adrenergic neuron site

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13
Q

What is the onset of action of an ACE inhibitor?

A

rapid

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13
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A
  • decrease cardiac output
  • suppress renin activity
15
Q

What are some adverse effects of ACE inhibitors?

A
  • cough
  • hyperkalemia
  • contraindicated in pregnancy
  • mild increase in SCr
  • angioedema (rare)
  • anemia (rare)
16
Q

What are loop diuretics used for?

A
  • Pulmonary edema
  • edema caused by cardiovascular, renal, hepatic disease
  • hypercalcemia
17
Q

What is mannitol?

A

a sugar that is not metabolized and not reabsorbed, thereby acting as a diuretic

18
Q

How do ARBs work?

A

irreversibly block the action of Angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor

19
Q

When is Acetazolamide used?

A
  • Glaucoma
  • metabolic alkalosis
  • mountain sickness
21
Q

How does mannitol act as a diuretic?

A

it elevates the osmoarity of the glomerular filtrate to hinder the reabsorption of water

22
Q

How does Acetazolamide work?

A

it inhibits the regeneration of bicarbonate in the proximal tubule

23
Q

Name 2 sodium channel blockers.

A
  • Triamterene
  • Amiloride
25
Q

How do Ca++ channel blockers work?

A
  • cause arterial vasodilation
  • lower the peripheral vascular resistance by blocking L-type Ca++ channels
27
Q

What do ACE inhibitors end in?

A

-pril

28
Q

What is the difference between a dihydropyridine (DHP) and a non-dihydropyridine (Non-DHP)?

A
  • DHPs are more selective at blocking L-type Ca++ channels
  • Non-DHPs decrease conduction through the AV node
29
Q

______ is a drug that can induce a metabolic acidosis.

A

Acetazolamide

30
Q

How do loop diuretics work?

A

inhibit Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter

31
Q

What are dihydropyridines (DHPs) and non-dihydropyridines (NDHPs)?

A

Ca++ channel blockers

32
Q

What is the main unique SE of loop diuretics?

A

Hearing loss (ototoxicity)

33
Q

What is the macula densa?

A
  • a group of specialized cells located at the distal part of the loop of Henle which are in contact with the afferent arteriole
  • regulates renin secretion
34
Q

What do ARBs end in?

A

-sartan

35
Q

What drugs cause arterial vasodilation and lower peripheral vascular resistance by blocking L-type Ca++ channels?

A

Ca++ channel blockers

36
Q

What do ARBs treat?

A
  • HTN
  • HF
  • CKD
  • diabetic nephropathy
37
Q

How does aldosterone enhance the tubular reabsorption of Na?

A

it stimulates the synthesis and translocation of Na transporter proteins

39
Q

Name 2 non-dihydropyridines (NDHPs).

A
  • diltiazem
  • verapamil
40
Q

This is a group of specialized cells located at the distal part of the loop of Henle which are in contact with the afferent arteriole regulates renin secretion.

A

the macula densa

41
Q

Where do the thiazide diuretics act upon?

A

the distal convoluted tubule

42
Q

These drugs inhibit the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, causing moderate diuresis

A

thiazide diuretics

43
Q

How do sodium channel blockers work?

A
  • block luminal sodium channels and decrease the driving force for potassium secretion/excretion
  • indirectly decrease hydrogen ion secretion
44
Q

What do the dihydropyridines end in?

A

-pine

CVPR: Renal (Exam 4) (29 decks)

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