Acid/Base Disorders Flashcards
______ is a decrease in H+ (increase in pH).
Alkalemia
The rise in pH from the increase in [HCO3-] is sensed by respiratory system chemoreceptors which leads to ______.
a decrease in ventilation
Metabolic alkalosis is an increase in _____ resulting in _______.
HCO3…… an increase in pH
What are some serious consequences of respiratory alkalosis?
- decreased intracranial pressure
- cardiac arrhythmias
If the urine [Cl-] is less than 20 mEq/L, metabolic alkalosis is categorized as _______.
chloride responsive (aka saline responsive)
_______ is an increase in HCO3 resulting in an increase in pH.
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the normal HCO3 value?
24
What can cause respiratory alkalosis?
- pulmonary diseases
- hypoxemia
- voluntary
- mechanical ventilation
- fever
- liver disease
- pregnancy
- head injuries
- salicylate toxicity
______ causes a primary increase in the HCO3.
Metabolic alkalosis
If you are breathing too fast, what will happen to the PCO2?
it decreases
What is the tx for respiratory alkalosis?
treat the underlying cause
Primary respiratory acidosis is ALWAYS from ______.
inadequate respiration
_______ is an increase in H+ (decrease in pH).
Acidemia
Primary respiratory alkalosis is ALWAYS from _____.
breathing too much
______ causes a primary decrease in the HCO3.
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis causes ______.
decrease in the PCO2
Compensation is in which direction?
the same as the primary change
Name 2 severe complications of metabolic alkalosis.
- cardiac arrhythmias
- hypocalcemia–> tetany
If the urine [Cl-] is greater than 20 mEq/L, metabolic alkalosis is categorized as _____ aka _____.
chloride resistant (aka saline resistant)
______ is ALWAYS due to the inability of the kidney to excrete excess HCO3-.
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis is a decrease in _____ resulting in ______.
HCO3…. decrease in pH
_______ causes a primary increase in the PCO2.
Respiratory acidosis
What is a normal anion gap value?
9 +/- 3
Metabolic alkalosis is ALWAYS due to ______.
the inability of the kidney to excrete excess HCO3-
Normal serum sodium is _____ mEq/L.
140
Respiratory acidosis is a respiratory process that causes ______.
a primary increase in the PCO2
Respiratory alkalosis is a decrease in _____ resulting in ______.
CO2….an increase in pH
If the serum anion gap is increased, the metabolic acidosis is due to ______.
the addition of acid
Alkalosis is _____.
a process that decreases plasma H+ (increases pH)
______ causes a primary decrease in the PCO2.
Respiratory alkalosis
What is the normal pH value?
7.40
What is the tx for respiratory acidosis?
- treat the underlying cause
- give O2 as needed
What is the normal PCO2 value?
40
______ is a decrease in HCO3 resulting in decrease in pH.
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis is a metabolic process that causes ______.
a primary decrease in the HCO3
What is the tx for metabolic acidosis?
- treat the underlying problem
- maybe give sodium bicarb
Normal serum chloride is _____ mEq/L.
108
H+-ATPase activity increases under the influence of ______.
aldosterone
If the serum anion gap is normal, metabolic acidosis is due to _______.
a loss of bicarbonate
What is the tx for metabolic alkalosis?
- chloride responsive = NaCl infusions, hypoventilation
- chloride resistant = spironolactone, hypoventilation
Acidity = ___/____
Bicarb / CO2
The body compensates for a metabolic acidosis by _____ and _____.
increasing ventilation….. causing a fall in PCO2
Mineralocorticoids act on the H+-ATPase pump of the _______ cell in the ______.
intercalated cell…. distal tubule
______ is a decrease in CO2 resulting in an increase in pH.
Respiratory alkalosis
Urine chloride less than 20 mEq/L denotes a ______.
chloride responsive alkalosis
______ is an increase in CO2 resulting in a decrease in pH.
Respiratory acidosis
What is the system of regulation of H+?
the bicarb buffer system
Name the causes of chloride responsive metabolic alkalosis (aka saline/NaCl responsive) (Urine Cl- less than 20 mEq/L).
- Diuretics
- Vomiting/gastric damage
- Villous adenomas (some)
- Congenital chloride losing diarrhea
- Cystic fibrosis
- Post-Hypercapnia
Mineralocorticoids act on the ______ of the intercalated cell in the distal tubule.
H+-ATPase pump
Urine chloride less than ____ mEq/L denotes a chloride responsive alkalosis.
20
How can metabolic alkalosis occur?
- addition of HCO3-
- loss of H+
- loss of chloride rich fluids
- post-hypercapneia
- hypokalemia
What are some serious consequences of respiratory acidosis?
- Increased intracranial pressure
- cardiac arrhythmias
- hypotension from peripheral vasodilatation
Acidosis is ______.
a process that increases plasma H+ (decreases pH)
_______ act on the H+-ATPase pump of the intercalated cell in the distal tubule.
Mineralocorticoids
Name the causes of chloride resistant metabolic alkalosis (aka saline/NaCl resistant) (Urine Cl- greater than 20 mEq /L).
- Excess mineralocorticoids/Cushing’s
- Licorice ingestion
Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic process that causes _______.
a primary increase in the HCO3
What are the lab abnormalities in respiratory alkalosis?
- slightly decreased K+
- largely decreased PO4
______ activity increases under the influence of aldosterone.
H+-ATPase
Respiratory acidosis is an increase in _____ resulting in ______.
CO2…..a decrease in pH
