Disease Flashcards
What is a communicable disease
Communicable diseases are caused by an other organism that infects an other
What is an infectious disease?
An infectious disease is a disease resulting from infection of a host organism by a pathogen, a disease-causing organism.
What are the two shapes bacteria can be classified into?
Basic shape and cell wall
What are the two types of bacteria by cell wall?
Gram positive and Gram negative
What color do Gram Positive Bacteria Appear under a microscope
Gram Positive Bacteria
Appear blue-purple under a microscope after gram staining
What color do Gram Negative Bacteria appear under a microscope
Gram Negative Bacteria
Appear red under a microscope after gram staining e.g. E.coil (Escherichia coli)
What are viruses?
Viruses are non-living infectious agents.
How do viruses infect cells?
Viruses infect cells by inserting its own RNA into the DNA of a cell.
What are saprophytes?
saprophytes – they live of dead decaying matter
What is reproduction number?
It is the average number of people who become infected from one infected person/
What is ease of transmission?
It refers to how easy it is to catch a disease.
What are the two ways pathogens can affect organisms?
Pathogens will often damage tissues or produce toxins
What types of pathogens destroy or damage tissue and how so?
Viruses – takes over cellular metabolism. Viral genetic material is inserted into the genetic material of the host cell. The host cell then makes more viruses which then burst out of the cell destroying it.
Protista – they take over a cell, digest the insides and use this as a medium to reproduce, before bursting out.
Fungi – digest and destroy living cells
What types of pathogens produce toxins inorder to infect organisms and how so?
Most pathogenic bacteria will produce a toxin, which is a poison. This toxin damages the cells of the host organism, often by breaking down the plasma membrane or inactivating enzymes
Some fungi also produce toxins
Characteristics of Tuberculosis
A disease that affects many parts of the body, killing the cells and tissues, the lungs are most affected.
Characteristics of Bacterial meningitis
infection of the meninges- the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The membrane becomes swollen and may cause damage to the brain and nerves.
Characteristics of Ring rot (in plants)
ring of decay in the vascular tissue of a potato tuber or tomato, accompanied by leaf wilting.
Characteristics of HIV/AIDS
Attacks cells in the immune system and compromises the immune response.
Characteristics of Influenza (cold)?
attacks respiratory system and causes muscle pains and headaches.
Characteristics of tobacco mosaic virus?
causes mottling and discoloration of leaves
Characteristics of black sigatoka (bananas)
causes leaf spots on banana plants reducing the yield
Characteristics of Blight (tomatoes and potatoes)
affects both leaves and potato tubers
Characteristics of ringworm (cattle)
growth of fungus in skin with spore cases erupting through skin to cause rash
Characteristics of Athletes foot?
growth under skin of feet- particularly between the toes.
Characteristics of Malaria
Parasite in the blood that causes headaches and fever and may progress to coma and death.
What are the organisms that cause the disease Tuberculosis?
Bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
What are the organisms that cause the disease Bacterial meningitis?
Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia)
What are the organisms that cause the disease Ring rot
Bacterium (Calvibacter michiganensis subsp)
What are the organisms that cause the disease HIV
Virus (human immunodeficiency virus)
What are the organisms that cause the disease Influenze
virus (from family Orthomyxoviridae)
What are the organisms that cause the disease Tobacco mosaic virus?
Virus
What are the organisms that cause the disease Black sigatoka
Fungus
What are the organisms that cause the disease Blight
Protoctista
What are the organisms that cause the disease ringworm?
fungus
What are the organisms that cause the disease Athletes foot
fungus
What are the organisms that cause the disease Malaria
Protoctista (Plasmodium falciparum)
Factors affecting the spread of disease
-Human demographics and behaviour
-Economic development and land use
-Microbial adaptation and change
-Breakdown of public health measures
-Climate change
-International travel
What are some methods of spreading disease in animals?
Direct Transmission:
Direct contact (contagious disease)
Inoculation
Ingestion
Indirect Transmission:
Fomites (surfaces)
Droplet infection
Vectors
What are some factors affecting Transmission of Disease in Animals?
Overcrowding
Poor nutrition
Compromised immune system (eg. Suffering from AIDS)
Disposal of waste
Climate change (alter the distribution of vector
organisms, e.g. mosquito)
Culture (e.g. use of traditional medicines)
Socioeconomic factors (e.g lack of health workers or public warnings)
What are some Methods of Spreading Diseases in Plants?
Direct transmission:
Contact with leaves
Indirect transmission:
Soil contamination
Wind
Water
Animals
Humans
What are some Factors Affecting Transmission of Disease in Plants?
Susceptibility of disease
Overcrowding – density of planting
Resistance (poor mineral content of soil
reduced resistance)
Climatic conditions (damp, warm
conditions aid the spread of disease)
Climate change
