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A level Biology > Carbs and Basic Biomolecules > Flashcards

Carbs and Basic Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of biological molecules

A

Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleotides

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2
Q

What is the use for Na +

A

Kidney Functions

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3
Q

What is the use for K +

A

Stomal openings/Nerve impulses

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4
Q

What is the use for H +

A

pH Determination

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5
Q

What is the use for NH4 +

A

Production of nitrate ions

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6
Q

What is the use for Ca 2+

A

Muscle contraction

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7
Q

What is the use of NO3 -

A

Amino Acids and proteins for plants

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8
Q

What is the use of Po4 3-

A

Plasma membrane + bones

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8
Q

What is the use of Cl -

A

Balance of Na + K ions

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8
Q

What is the use of HCO3 -

A

Maintains blood pH

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9
Q

What is the use of OH -

A

pH determination and acts as a catalyst

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10
Q

What molecules make up Carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Cx(H20)x

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11
Q

What molecules make up Lipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen

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12
Q

What molecules make up proteins

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

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13
Q

What molecules make up nucleotides

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (P)

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14
Q

What are Monosaccharides

A

They are simple sugars containing 3-7 carbon atoms, with high melting points, they are white crystalline solids with a sweet taste and are non-toxic

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15
Q

How to tell the difference between alpha glucose and galactose

A

In alpha glucose, the OH group on carbon four is below the ring where as on galactose the OH group on carbon four is above the ring

16
Q

How to tell the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

In alpha glucose, the OH group on carbon one is below the ring (sucrose) where as on beta glucose the OH group on carbon one is above the ring (Cellulose)

17
Q

What is Lactose made of

A

D-Galactose-D-Glucose

18
Q

What is Sucrose made of

A

D-Glucose-D-Fructose

19
Q

What is Maltose made of

A

D-Glucose-D-Glucose

20
Q

How does a Monosaccharide form a disaccharide

A

A glycosidic bond between each Monosaccharide forms with the loss of water (a condensation reaction)

21
Q

What is the formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

22
Q

How many carbons in glucose?

A

It has six therefore it is a hexose monosaccharide

23
Q

What are pentose monosaccharides

A

They are sugars that contain 5 carbons, like ribose and deoxyribose

24
Q

Why is Amylose less soluble than the glucose molecules used to make it?

A

The angle of the bonds (1-4 carbon bonds) means that the long glucose chain twists to form a helix which is further stabilized by hydrogen bonds

25
Q

Why does Amylopectin have a branch structure

A

It is made of BOTH 1-4 glycosidic bonds on alpha particles (Like amylose) But also some glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and carbon 6 on two glucose molecules.

26
Q

What is the human equivalent to starch

A

Glycogen

27
Q

Why is it important that glycogen forms more branches than starch

A

This means it is more compact than starch and less space is needed to store it allowing us to be more mobile then plants. The branching also means there are many free ends where glucose molecules can be added or removed.

28
Q

What are the key properties of amylopectin and glycogen

A

Insoluble, branched and compact

29
Q

What type of reaction allows the release of glucose for respiration

A

Hydrolysis reaction

30
Q

What structure do cellulose come in and why

A

Cellulose molecule is straight and unbranched due to beta glucose having to be flipped every two too make a polysaccharide

31
Q

What do cellulose molecules form

A

Cellulose molecules form microfibrils, which form together to make macrofibrils which combine to make fibres which make cell walls

32
Q

What are Oligosaccharides

A

Shorter chains of polysaccharides

33
Q

What is osmotic potential

A

It is when water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

34
Q

What are the properties of polysaccharides

A

Not sweet, Insoluble, Do not form crystals, Compact, Can be extracted to form a white powder, Not osmotically active inside cells

35
Q

What two polysaccharides form glucose

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

36
Q

What is amylose

A

Plant Polysaccharide , made of alpha glucose, not branched, helix structure, with 1-4 bonds

37
Q

What is amylopectin

A

Plant Polysaccharide , branch every 20 glucoses made of alpha glucose, branched, with 1-4 bonds and 1-6 bonds

38
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Animal Polysaccharide , branch every 10 glucoses made of alpha glucose, branched, with 1-4 bonds and 1-6 bonds

A level Biology (17 decks)

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