Carbs and Basic Biomolecules Flashcards
What are some examples of biological molecules
Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleotides
What is the use for Na +
Kidney Functions
What is the use for K +
Stomal openings/Nerve impulses
What is the use for H +
pH Determination
What is the use for NH4 +
Production of nitrate ions
What is the use for Ca 2+
Muscle contraction
What is the use of NO3 -
Amino Acids and proteins for plants
What is the use of Po4 3-
Plasma membrane + bones
What is the use of Cl -
To control the balance of Na and K ions
What is the use of HCO3 -
Maintains blood pH
What is the use of OH -
pH determination and acts as a catalyst
What molecules make up Carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Cx(H20)x
What molecules make up Lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
What molecules make up proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
What molecules make up nucleotides
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (P)
What are Monosaccharides
They are simple sugars containing 3-7 carbon atoms, with high melting points, they are white crystalline solids with a sweet taste and are non-toxic
How to tell the difference between alpha glucose and galactose
In alpha glucose, the OH group on carbon four is below the ring where as on galactose the OH group on carbon four is above the ring
How to tell the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose
In alpha glucose, the OH group on carbon one is below the ring (sucrose) where as on beta glucose the OH group on carbon one is above the ring (Cellulose)
What is Lactose made of
D-Galactose-D-Glucose
What is Sucrose made of
D-Glucose-D-Fructose
What is Maltose made of
D-Glucose-D-Glucose
How does a Monosaccharide form a disaccharide
A glycosidic bond between each Monosaccharide forms with the loss of water (a condensation reaction)
What is the formula for glucose
C6H12O6
How many carbons in glucose?
It has six therefore it is a hexose monosaccharide
What are pentose monosaccharides
They are sugars that contain 5 carbons, like ribose and deoxyribose
Why is Amylose less soluble than the glucose molecules used to make it?
The angle of the bonds (1-4 carbon bonds) means that the long glucose chain twists to form a helix which is further stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Why does Amylopectin have a branch structure
It is made of BOTH 1-4 glycosidic bonds on alpha particles (Like amylose) But also some glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and carbon 6 on two glucose molecules.
What is the human equivalent to starch
Glycogen
Why is it important that glycogen forms more branches than starch
This means it is more compact than starch and less space is needed to store it allowing us to be more mobile then plants. The branching also means there are many free ends where glucose molecules can be added or removed.
What are the key properties of starch and glycogen
Insoluble, branched and compact
What type of reaction allows the release of glucose for respiration
Hydrolysis reaction
What structure do cellulose come in and why
Cellulose molecule is straight and unbranched due to beta glucose having to be flipped every two too make a polysaccharide
What do cellulose molecules form
Cellulose molecules form microfibrils, which form together to make macrofibrils which combine to make fibres which make cell walls
What are Oligosaccharides
Shorter chains of polysaccharides
What is osmotic potential
It is when water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
What are the properties of polysaccharides
Not sweet, Insoluble, Do not form crystals, Compact, Can be extracted to form a white powder, Not osmotically active inside cells
What two polysaccharides form starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
What is amylose
Plant Polysaccharide , made of alpha glucose, not branched, helix structure, with 1-4 bonds
What is amylopectin
Plant Polysaccharide , branch every 20 glucoses made of alpha glucose, branched, with 1-4 bonds and 1-6 bonds
What is Glycogen?
Animal Polysaccharide , branch every 10 glucoses made of alpha glucose, branched, with 1-4 bonds and 1-6 bonds
How does glycogen act as an energy source
Glycogen can be hydrolysed to glucose.
The glucose could then be used to release energy through the process of respiration
Explain how starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants.
Starch is insoluble in water, so can be stored without affecting the cell’s water potential.
Starch is helical in shape, making it compact for storage.
Starch is a large molecule, so is unable to leave the cell.
