DIRECTIVES Flashcards
0
Q
Who has the primary responsibility and authority for the investigation of all crime scenes.
A
The agency with investigative jurisdiction.
1
Q
Who has the responsibility and authority for the protection and security of all crime scenes.
A
PATROL OPERATIONS.
2
Q
What is needed prior to a search for evidence at a crime scene located on private property.
Who ensures that the search warrant has been Obtained.
A
A search warrant.
The investigative unit supervisor.
3
Q
Who may search for evidence at a crime scene.
Who may assign more personnel.
A
Only the assigned investigator and personnel from the crime scene unit.
The investigative unit supervisor.
4
Q
What happens when it’s determined that CSU will process a crime scene.
A
All other evidence processing will stop to allow CSU to conduct a forensic processing of the scene.
5
Q
What does the first police officer on the scene do?
A
- Protect the scene and summon assistance.
- Establish the scene and mark with tape.
- Render first aid.
- Question the victim to find out who inflicted injury and what happened.
- Notify radio and relay flash.
- Detain all persons found at the scene.
- Make arrest.
- Prevent anyone from touching or moving objects.
- Prevent anyone from entering the scene.
- Maintain a written record on a crime scene log.
6
Q
How big must the perimeter of a crime scene be
A
The perimeter must be of sufficient size to allow for proper investigation of the evidence.
When in doubt expand
7
Q
What do U do when there is a possibility of life.
A
Transport victim to the hospital.
Outline the body position before removal and don’t use indelible markers.
8
Q
Who may question arrested suspects
A
Only the assigned investigative unit.
9
Q
When may a vehicle be moved from a crime scene.
A
Only if it presents a hazard to public safety.
10
Q
Who may enter a crime scene.
A
- Police officers necessary.
- Police officers and fire rescue transporting the injured.
- Investigative unit personnel.
- Crime scene unit personnel.
- Medical examiners office.
11
Q
How long is the crime scene log maintained.
A
Until the scene is released
12
Q
What does gone patrol supervisor do if a police revolver was discharged.
A
Personally check the revolvers of all officers present and note the numbers of spent casings.
13
Q
What does gone patrol supervisor do if a police glock was discharged.
A
- The officer will remove the magazine and replace it with their fully loaded spare magazine.
- Take possession of the used magazine and make note of the remaining rounds.
14
Q
What does gone patrol supervisor do if a police shotgun was discharged.
A
- Supervisor will remove the remaining rounds.
- Open the action to make the weapon safe
- Note the remaining rounds.
15
Q
What does the assigned investigator do at s crime scene.
8
A
- Keep divisional headquarters and supervisors informed of the progress and status of the investigation.
- Notify the division supervisor when the services of CSU are needed.
- Question victims suspects and witnesses away from the crime scene area.
- Arrange transportation for victims witnesses and suspects to the investigative division.
- Call CSU from the scene and provide the info necessary.
- Personally search the crime scene for evidence.
- Ensure that any evidence located is properly recorded on a property receipt.
- Conduct a complete investigation and prepare the required reports.
16
Q
What scenes must CSU automatically respond to.
Who notifies CSu of these specific scenes.
A
- All homicides and police discharges.
2. Police radio.
17
Q
When should CSU be requested.
2.
A
- In any shooting where the victim has been mortally wounded.
- When the recovery of evidence is not within the capability of the investigator.
18
Q
When will CSU not be requested.
A
For partial services or to serve as evidence clerks.
19
Q
What must a person not under arrest at a crime scene do in order to be transported to headquarters.
A
Person must Consent.
20
Q
What must me obtained before searching or processing a crime scene located on private property owned or occupied by a SUSPECT
A
A search warrant.
21
Q
When must the investigator get s search warrant before proceeding a crime scene
A
When the crime scene is located on private property owned or occupied by a SUSPECT
22
Q
Who may assist in a search.
Who else may assist.
A
- The crime scene investigator and CSU.
- Additional personnel will only assist when specifically asked to do so by the pertinent investigative unit supervisor.
23
Q
Where must evidence collected by non CSU personnel be submitted to
A
OFFICE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE or EVIDENCE INTAKE UNIT.
24
What does the investigative unit supervisor do at a crime scene.
5
1. Ensure a search warrant is obtained prior to the search of a crime scene located on private property.
2. Establish an open telephone line between the CSU and investigative unit headquarters.
3. Ensure all departmental, local, state , and federal agencies are notified.
4. Ensure the crime scene search is conducted property.
5. Determine if additional personnel are needed
25
What does the evidence custodian/ office of forensic science depts do for a crime scene
Maintain all evidence removed from the crime scene
26
What happens to narcotics, drugs , and poisons after analysis.
They are stored at the office of forensic science.
27
What happens to flammable and explosive materials after analysis when no arrest is involved.
What happens when an arrest is involved.
What happens to perishable materials after analysis.
What happens to documents after analysis
1. Will be photographed and destroyed.
2. Will be photographed and a small sample will be retained and stored.
Empty containers will go to the the evidence custodian.
3. After analysis they will be destroyed.
4. They are stored synth office of forensic science.
28
How are firearms handled/transported found at a crime scene
Absent exigent circumstances firearms are only handled and transported upon the Direction of the investigative unit supervisor or the assigned investigator.
29
What happens if an officer must remove a firearm at s crime scene due to exigent circumstances.
The officer will maintain custody of the firearm and follow the instructions of the investigator or the investigative supervisor.
30
Where are firearms recovered at a crime scene taken.
They are taken to the detective division of occurrence for investigation prior to OFS/EIU.
31
How must firearms that require DNA or latent print be handled.
Who conducts the examinations
Handled in a manner to preserve the integrity of the examinations.
The office of forensic science personnel.
32
Who handles firearms found at a HOMICIDE or SEXUAL OFFENSE.
the appropriate investigative unit responsible for the investigation.
33
How will evidence firearms be handled
As little as possible. And only for purposes of unloading and transporting.
34
evidence firearms WILL NOT BE
4.
1. Never be cleaned.
2. Never be marked.
3. Never be disassembled.
4. Never be wrapped , bagged , or sealed in plastic.
35
What does inserting a pencil etc do to a firearm.
Destroys trace evidence and damages the mechanical condition of The firearm.
36
What should you do with firearms that are recovered in water at a crime scene.
Should be submitted to OFS/EIU submerged in water and inside a suitable watertight container when possible
37
What does the investigator do if s firearm must be submitted loaded.
Or if the operating mechanism is frozen of jammed.
Immobilize the operating mechanism them securely wrap and mark it.
38
Who searches, develops, and Lifts prints at a crime scene when CSU is not present.
Where are all latent print impressions submitted.
The assigned investigator.
The office of forensic science , evidence intake unit.
39
In regards to latent prints at s crime scene the investigator will.
1. Ascertain an object was touched.
| 2. Search for, develop, and lift print.
40
How does an investigator lift a latent print
4.
1. Brushing them lightly with prepared powders contrasting in color with the background of the surface being dusted.
2. Lift the powder tracing by applying transparent tape with adhesive over the print.
3. Seal the print on a latent print card and complete.
4. Place on property receipt.
41
How are latent print lifts from different locations placed on the property receipt.
As separate items
42
How are elimination prints prepared.
Packaged separately and placed on a separate property receipt.
43
When possible obtain known reference impressions of both hands of persons known or suspected to have been at the crime scene. What parts of the hand do u use.
10 fingers and 2 palms.
44
DIRECTIVE POLICE TOWING OF VEHICLES.
Hhhhhh
45
Who can only tow vehicles in guard for prints status.
Where is the vehicle towed to
POLICE TOW SQUAD.
Police garage.
46
Who enters the information pertaining to towed vehicles.
Where do they enter it
The operations room supervisor.
The S and R.
47
In regards to a recovered stolen auto with NO arrest. When is the detective division notified.
Who notified them.
Why.
When can the Recovery message be sent
1. When the vehicle was recovered in Philadelphia but stolen in another jurisdiction.
2. The operations room supervisor.
3. So the detective can first verify the stolen status. And information obtain information prior to removal from ncic.
4. When an investigative control number is obtained.
48
Who contacts the respective police department for a recovered stolen vehicle recovered in Philadelphia
The operations room supervisor.
49
When a stolen vehicle is recovered and there is NO ARREST who sends the recovery message.
WHY.
.....when a vehicle is recovered and there is an arrest.
1. The ORS immediately transmits a recovery message in pinn.
2. To remove the vehicle from Ripken status.
3. By the detective division of recovery.
50
When can a vehicle be Taken out of stolen status.
When it's in a salvors possession or has been released to the owner
51
When does the detective division complete the INCT and prepare a supplemental investigation report in pinn for a stolen vehicle.
When a stolen vehicle is recovered and any one of the following occurs........
4
1. An arrest is made.
2. When an investigation results in a status change of exceptionally cleared.
3. A recovery involves an outside jurisdiction.
4. The investigation by the assigned detective results in the stolen vehicle being unfounded. (Abandoned auto or try and locate ).
52
When a stolen vehicle is handled by the detective division. The detective will.
3.
1. Complete the INCT and supplemental investigation report in pinn.
2. Transmit a recovery message in pinn.
3. Prepare a 75-49 in pinn when the vehicle was recovered in Philadelphia but reported in another jurisdiction.
53
What does transmitting a recovery message in pinn do
Ensure the vehicle is removed from stolen status ok pcic and ncic.
54
Who is responsible for ensuring that owners are notified of recovered stolen autos in a timely manner
The commanding officer of The district
55
When should white papers be prepared.
2
1. for information that is considered sensitive.
Or
2 information that only a limited number of people should have access to like command level personnel
56
What are computer generated white papers by investigative personnel.
What should they be.
What should they
Computer transmitted forms to commanders concerning a particular investigation.
Brief and specific
Pertinent facts , dates, times, dc numbers , unit control numbers, warrant numbers , action taken by police
57
Who is responsible in the detective division for radios
The detective division supervisor
58
How long are police radio recordings retained for
How long are mdt and cad stored for
Minimum of 40 days.
Approx 5 years from the date of the incident
59
Were are all search warrants submitted to for review before submitting to s judge
The district attorney's chatting unit.
60
What is search warrant issued for:
To search for and seize........
3
1. Contraband, fruits of a crime or things otherwise criminally possed.
2. Property which is or has been used as a means of committing a criminal offense.
3. Property which constitutes evidence of the commission of a criminal offense.
61
What is the determination of when a search warrant must be obtained based on
Pertinent legal guidelines and consultation with a supervisor.
62
To obtain a search warrant, sworn personnel must :
9
1. Have thoroughly investigated a complaint or gathered information to convince a disinterested party ( judge ) that probably cause exists to justify a search.
2. Consult with his highest ranking supervisor.
3. Prepare a 75-175. (Application for affidavit for search warrant ).
4. Fax application to DACU for approval.
5. Obtain a record of declination form from the ADA if the affidavit is disapproved or significantly modified.
6. Write DACUs approval on the margin and include the Ada's name date and time.
7. The approved faxed copy must be maintained by the investigator and remain as part of the discovery package.
8. Present the original application and affidavant to a judge. Testify to the truth and accuracy of the information. Ensure that the approved copy is available.
9. Make no corrections or additions or deletions to it once the judge has it.
63
What will the Ada do with the application for a search warrant.
Evaluate it. And note his approval or disapproval in the margin and fax it back.
64
When is a recorded of declination for an application of a search warrant needed from the Ada.
When is it not needed
When it is disapproved or significantly modified.
If the modifications amount to only handwritten notes for the purpose of strengthening the probable cause
65
Search snd seizure warrants signed by s judge or bail commissioner will not be
Will not be voided.
66
How long do you have to serve a search and seizure warrant
What happens if they are not served in that time frame
2 days from the date of issuance.
They must be voided
67
What is not acceptable to do in order to supplement a search warrant at the time it's signed by a judge.
What must be done
Oral additions are not acceptable.
New information must be placed on s 75-175 application of affidavant or 75-51 continuation of affidavant
68
What must be specifically described in the search warrant.
Why.
The premises or person to be searched and the items to be seized must be described.
So that the judge and executing officer have no doubt as to who or what can be seized and where they may be found.
69
The search warrant should contain
9
1. The description of of buildings.
2. Descriptions of persons.
3. The name and or the description of the owner , occupant , or possessor of the premise to be searched.
4. The particular crime that has been committed.
5. What probably cause exists for a search.
6. Surveillance gathering.
7. Reasons for believing that the items or persons are located at the premise specified and why they should be the subject of a seizure.
8. Facts known to the officer.
9. If necessary. Why a nighttime search is necessary.
70
When describing a building for a search warrant. The description should include.
5
1. Street name and number. Exact numerical location.
2. Number of stories - apartment number.
3. Type of construction ( brick wood etc ).
4. Single home, apartment , twin, etc.
5. Particular markings such as color or anything to identify a particular premise.
71
When describing a person for a search warrant. The description should include.
11
1. Name, aliases, or nicknames.
2. Date of birth.
3. Race.
4. Sex.
5. Height.
6. Build.
7. Hair color.
8. Eye color.
9. Tattoos
10. Deformities or injuries.
11. Additional into to identify that particular person.
72
Definition of probably cause.
3 things
The existence of facts and circumstances that would justify a person of reasonable caution to believe
1. An offense has been or is being committed.
2. That the particular person or item to be seized is reasonable connected to the crime and
3. That the person can be found at s particular place or the item can be found in the possession of s particular person at s particular place.
73
What additional facts know to the officer should be on the application for a search warrant.
3
1. The potential for destruction of evidence.
2. Potential for the removal of evidence.
3. Threats of harm to police personnel.
74
True or false.
| Facts on a search warrant must be real and not based on a hunch.
True
75
What time can a search warrant be served.
Between 6:00 AM and 10:00 PM.
76
When can a nighttime search warrant be served.
Between 10:01PM and 5:59AM.
77
Do you need permission for a mob time search warrant.
What must the judge do
Yes.
Judge must specifically note on the warrant (bottom right corner ) that he is authorizing a nighttime warrant. And sign it.
78
What probably cause must exist for an investigator to need a nighttime search warrant.
3
Probable cause to support that
1. Evidence may be moved or destroyed.
2. The threat of serious bodily injury or death
3. Or other exigent circumstances
79
What must the judge complete directly under the probably cause.
What goes in it.
When is it not needed
The JURAT
When, where , and before whom her affidavit was sworn.
If a 75-51( continuation ) is used. And the JURAT is completed
80
Who keeps the first page of the affidavit
The issuing authority
81
What test have the federal and supreme courts established when assessing search warrant applications.
The test of the totality of the circumstances.
82
How will courts view the affidavits.
How will they not view them.
They will be viewed in their entirety and significance given to each relevant piece of information.
Not exclusively in the credibility and reliability of the informant or third party.
83
In regards to informants. Why is thorough investigation and analysis important when applying for a search warrant.
Because informants can intentionally give false and misleading information
84
When applying for a warrant based off of a crimininal informant or other informants. The information must be thoroughly examined and documented. what should sworn personnel include in the affidavit
6 b
1. Documentation of past use of the informant.
2. Number of times information provided proved truthful.
3. Number of times past information led to arrests and concoctions.
4. How often the information has been used.
5. The type of investigation in which the informant has previously supplied info.
6. Whether the informant has admitted is own criminal conduct in the course of the information.
85
When applying for a warrant based on third party information. What's the most important detailed knowledge of the informants personal information should include
3
1. How when where and from whom the informant obtained the information.
2. What the informant heard touched tasted smelled or observed.
3. Exact locations descriptions persons quantities dates times and other distinguishing information.
86
If you must exclude certain information in a search warrant to protect the identity of the informant. What statement must be included
The exact information has been withheld to protect the identity of the informant which could be revealed if the suspect were given the information at the time of the search.
87
When must a search warrant be served.
During daytime hours.
88
When executing a search warrant what times must the warrant be served between. (Daytime hours)
What hours is s nighttime warrant served.
BETWEEN 6:00AM AND 10:00PM.
Between 10:01PM AND 5:59AM.
89
How long is a search warrant good for
The warrant is good for two days from the date it was issued.
90
Can a judge or bail commissioner designate a lesser time for a warrant to be served.
Yes.
91
What is done with search warrants if they have not been served within the time period.
They must be voided.
92
When serving a warrant. What is the purpose of the knock and announce rule.
4
1. To prevent violence and physical injury to police and occupants.
2. To protect an occupants expectation of privacy.
3. To prevent property damage. Resulting from forced entry.
4. Give the occupants an opportunity to surrender.
93
When executing a warrant rule 2007 says an officer must do what before entry.
Unless what.
Give or make reasonable effort to give notice of his identity
, Authoruty, and purpose to any occupant of the premise in the warrant.
Unless exigent circumstances exist.
94
When executing a search warrant after the police announcement. How long should the officer wait for a response. Before gaining entry.
What is the minimum amount of time the courts have deemed reasonable.
Wait for a reasonable period of time.
30 seconds should be the minimum time
95
When using force to enter a property for s search warrant. How much force should be used
As much physical force to effect entry therein as is necessary to execute the search warrant.
96
What are the only exceptions to the knock and announce rule.
4
1. When occupants of the premise remain silent after repeated knocking and identification by officers
2. When police are certain that the occupants of the premise already know their purpose.
3. When police have reason to believe that announcement would imperil their safety and
4. The police have reason to believe that evidence is about to be destroyed
97
What information must a warrant information card contain.
1. Basic information about the search.
2. Name
3. Rank
4. Unit
5. Office phone number.
6. Address if the the commanding officer.
98
Where is the warrant information card left on every occasion.
If no one is there.
The warrant information card will be given to the owner or occupant of the premise.
Leave the card along with the owner or occupant copy of the search warrant
99
What will the investigator do with property seized on a search warrant.
6.
1. Inventory and record items seized on all copies of the warrant. Use back if necessary.
2. Do this in the presence of the person from whom taken. Or in front of a 3rd party.
3. Give the blue copy to the person taken or leave in a conspicuous location.
4. Request signature.
5. Place signature in appropriate box.
6. Prepare property receipt.
100
What must be given to the owner or occupant of a property where a search warrant is executed.
If no one is there.
A warrant information card and the blue copy of he warrant.
Leave them in a conspicuous location.
101
What is also always prepared when a search warrant is needed.
What information must be included on it.
5
A complaint or incident report. 75-48.
1. Warrant number.
2. Method of entry.
3. Results of search.
4. Damage to property.
5. Wrong location if location is incorrect.
102
When is damage to property or Wrong location search warrants reported to radio.
Immediately.
103
What and who are notified when a search warrant are served on the wrong location.
Notify
The commanding officer.
The chief inspector.
Police commissioner.
104
What is needed to arrest a person on his place of residence. Regardless of offense.
An arrest warrant
105
What is needed to arrest a person when he is not in his own residence. But in someone else's residence.
A search warrant and an arrest warrant.
106
What is needed to arrest a person and search for existence in a residence. Regardless of whose residence it is.
A search warrant and an arrest warrant
107
A warrant for arrest and a search are needed unless.
When should u get the warrant
Unless exigent circumstances exist.
When time and circumstances permit.
108
What factors are considered for exigent circumstances to exist.
6.
1. Reasonable belief that a threat of harm to officers or others exist unless an arrest is made immediately.
2 by he seriousness of the offense
3. Strong reason to believe that the suspect is on the premises and he Comoros the offense.
4. The likelihood that the suspect will escape
5. Hot pursuit.
6. Manner of entry.
109
When do exigent circumstances not Exist.
When officers create their own emergency.
110
When is a warrant never needed.
When the offense is committed in front of the police and the arrest is immediate
111
For a consent to search. What must the choice be by the person.
3.
1. Knowing.
2. Voluntary.
3 and informed.
112
When should a consent to search be used
When less then probably cause exists to secure a search warrant or conduct a warrantless search
113
Who can approve a consent to strip search. And how.
The highest ranking supervisor available and in writing.
114
Who can approve a consent to body cavity search.
Must be approved in writing by a Leuitenent or higher ranking supervisor.
115
What forms must be completed for these searches.
A consent to search form and complainant incident report
116
Factors that the court will uphold for a consent to search
4
1. The statement has been made consenting to the search.
2. The statement was given by the owner or possessor of the residence.
3. Or by a 3rd party who possesses common authority over the property.
4. Consent is given voluntarily and wasn't coerced.
117
Factors which may suggest that the consent was voluntary.
7.
1. The consenting party was not in police custody at the time.
2. The consenting party's custodial status was voluntary when consent was given.
3. The party believed police would find no contraband.
4. The party was aware of his right to refuse.
5. The party was informed by police. What police were searching for.
6. The Party signed a Consent to search form Before search.
7. The party agreed to assist in the search.
118
What factors may suggest to a court that the consent was coerced.
6.
1. Abusive police actions.
2. Police use deception or trickery.
3. Factors showing the party was not free to leave.
4. Consent is given when already in custody.
5. Where police block the consenting party's freedom to move.
6. Where consent was granted only after it was initially refused.
119
What earnings will officers provide to the consenting party before giving consent.
1. The party has the right to require the police to obtain a search warrant. And
2. That he has the right to refuse.
120
If the person is already in police custody what 3 additional warnings must be provided.
1. Any items found can and will be confiscated and used against them.
2. They have the right to consult an attorney.
3. They have the right to withdraw their consent at any time.
121
What must officers consider it the party who is giving consent.
3
What alone doesn't prevent someone from giving consent
1. Their mental competence.
2. Whether they are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
3. Their age.
Minority status.
122
What limitations are placed upon an officer who has been given consent to search.
1. The officer may not exceed the limits of consent.
2. If search has been granted for a particular object or person. The officer may only search in places where the object or person may be.
3. Consent may be revoked at any time.
4. May not open locked containers. Unless given permission.
123
What are the procedures for conducting a consent search.
9
1. Consult with a supervisor.
2. Determine the parties authority to give consent
3. Provide the party with all warnings.
4. Prepare 2 copies of the form.
5. Provide detailed description
6. Read statement they are signing.
7. Obtain a witness it possible.
8. Request signature.
9. Allow witness or party to accompany during search.
124
When may a strip search be conducted without consent.
Who may approve a strip search and now.
When a person is in custody. And officers identify specific factors that establish reasonable suspicion they possess a weapon or contraband.
A strip searched may be approved in writing by the highest ranking supervisor in the district that is available.
125
When may a body cavity search be conducted.
3
1. When a person is taken into custody.
2. A search warrant is obtained
3. Is approved in writing by a Leuitenent or higher.
126
Strip and body cavity searches will NOT be conducted for
Traffic stops.
Investigatory stops.
Summary offenses.
127
What factors are considered for s strip or body cavity search.
1. Nature of crime.
2. Circumstances of arrest.
3. Acts of violence
4. Discoveries from prior arrests.
5. Suspects conduct.
128
Who may only conduct a body cavity search and where.
A doctor in a medical facility
129
In regards to vice crimes. What vice crime will be handled by the detective division
Loan sharking
130
Where are controlled substances stored.
Where are solvents and phencyclidine taken.
1. The office of forensic science or inside the temporary divisional lock box.
2. Immediately to the office of forensic science.
131
What is considered a small amount of marijuana.
5
1. Less then 30 grams.
2. One ounce.
3. 70 ciggerettes
4. 60 5$ bags.
5. 30 10$ bags.
132
When narcotics evidence is found an there is no owner how is it coded.
How is it marked on a property receipt.
1. INVESTIGATION OF OBJECTS.
| 2. NO ANALYSIS REQUIRED-TO BE DESTROYED.
133
When a person is observed purchasing marijuana regardless of the amount what is the charge
What if the marijuana is 30 grams or less
What if the amount of marijuana is over 3 grams
Intentional purchase of s controlled substance.
Then they will not be charged with the additional offense of knowing and intentional possession.
Knowing and intentional possession of controlled substance.
134
When can PWID BE Charged without consulting an expert.
When one of the following are present.
1. Observed sales.
2. Presence of paraphernalia.
3. More then 71 bags or packets.
135
When is drug money forfeitable.
3.
1. Money was furnished in close proximity to s controlled substance.
2. Probably cause exists to believe that the money was intended in exchange for a controlled substance.
3. The money is proceeds
4. The money was used to facilitate drug laws
136
Two of more of the flowing must exist to seize assets
1. Prior drug record.
2. The use of false or multiple identities by the owner of the money.
3. Lack of explanation for the money.
4. Denial of the money.
5. Multiple explanations for her money
6. Lack of employment
7. Positive alert by a dog.
8. Excessive amount of money.
9. Money located near drugs.
10. Excessive amount of money found in s known drug area abandoned.
137
When is a vehicle never seized for drug violations
When it's used to transport small amounts of marijuana.
138
When is forfeiture notified.
2.
1. When there is no drug arrest.
| 2. In excess of 1,000 $
139
What is the minimal amount of money to notify forfeiture
What's the minimal amount for vehicle.
What's the minimal amount for jewelry.
What's the minimal amount for property.
What's the minimal amount for real estate , aircraft vessels.
1,000
2500
5000.
1000.
10,000
