CHAPTER KEY TERMS - OTHER TERMS 3 Flashcards
BANK EXAMINER SCHEME
A CRIMINAL SCHEME WHEN CON ARTISTS POSE AS FBI AGENTS, BANK EXAMINERS, POLICE OFFICERS, DETECTIVES, OR BANK OFFICIALS. THE VICTIM IS THEN CONTACTED BY THEM PRETENDING TO NEED HELP IN CONDUCTING AN INVESTIGATION.
BALLISTICS
THE SCIENCE OF TRACKING THE PATH OF A BULLET
BANK ROBBERY
THE UNLAWFUL TAKING OF MONEY OR OTHER ASSETS FROM A BANK THROUGH THE USE OF FACE TO FACE CONTACT BETWEEN THE SUSPECT AND VICTIM
BANK SECRECY ACT
A FEDERAL LAW PASSED IN 1970 TO REQUIRE REPORTING OF LARGE SCALE CASE TRANSACTIONS.
BASELINE TECHNIQUE
CRIME SCENE MEASURING TECHNIQUE IN CHICH A LINE IS DRAWN BETWEEN TWO KNOWN POINTS.
BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME
CHILDREN WHO SUFFER FROM PHYSICAL ABUSE.
BATTERY
AN INTENTIONAL NONCONSENSUAL BODILY CONTACT THAT A REASONABLE PERSON WOULD CONSIDER HARMFUL
BERTILLION SYSTEM
AN EARLY CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION OR CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON THE IDEA THAT CERTAIN ASPETS OF THE HUMAN BODY, SUCH AS SKELETAL SIZE, EAR SHAPE, AND EYE COLOR, REMAINED THE SAME AFTER A PERSON HAD REACHED FULL PHYSICAL MATURITY. THIS SYSTEM USED A COMBINATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS WITH STANDARDIZED PHYSICAL MEASURENTMEN
BEST EVIDENCE RULE
A LEGAL DOCTRINE OF EVIDENCE THAT SAYS THAT NO EVIDENCE WILL BE ADMISSIBLE IN COURT IF IT IS SECONDARY IN NATURE.
BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT
10
The standard of proof in a criminal case in which the deciders of fact are entirely satisfied that the defendant is guilty as charged.
Bill of rights
A constitutional doctrine granting individual freedoms
Binding material
Material used to incapacitate a victim during the course of a robbery.
Biohazardous material
Substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This includes medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin that can impact human health
Bobbies
The name of the London metropolitan police department officers. They were named after the departments founder, sir Robert peel
Body packing
Associated with a mule or courier who smuggles something with them across a national border, including bringing in to and out of an international plane, especially a small amount, transported for a smuggling organization.
Booby traps
Deadly and dangerous devices used to warn the suspect of any intruders by the sound of explosive devices
Bookmaking
A type of gambling that usually involves taking bets on sporting events.
Boosters
Professional shoplifters who resell stolen merchandise to pawn shops or fences at usually one half to one fourth the original price
Bow street runners
A group of English crime fighters formed by Henry fielding during the eighteenth century
Burden of proof
20
The duty to establish the validity or factuality of the charge against a person
Burglary
A covert crime in which the criminal works during the nighttime, outside the presence of witnesse.
Burglary tools
Any instrument designed for unlawfully entering a structure
Burned
A term used in undercover operations when an undercover agent is identified by a criminal suspect.
Bootlegging
Smuggling or manufacturing untaxed alcohol or cigarettes
Buy bust
When an undercover agent makes a purchase of illicit narcotics and the suspect is immediately arrested
Buy walk
When an undercover agent makes a purchase of illicit narcotics and the suspect is allowed to leave for the purposes of continuing the investigation.
Data diddling
False data to entry
Date rape
Rape that occurs when the victim and other offender are acquainted before the crime is committed.
Date rape drug
Another term for the drug rohypnol
Daubert standard
30
A rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses testimony during the US federal legal process
Deadly force
Actions of police officers that result in the killing of a persons
Deception
When one intends to dupe others by communicating messages meant to mislead and meant to make the recipients believe what the agent either knows or believes to be untrue
Decomposition
The process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter
Deductive reasoning
The ability to draw conclusions based on critical thinking
Deep cover
Working undercover for extended periods of time
Demeanor
Ones persona and how one is perceived
Demonstrative evidence
Evidence used to clarify an issue rather then to prove something
Detention
Something less then an arrest but more than a consensual encounter
Digital imaging
Generally referring to photographs taken with a digital camera and stored on digital media
Digital recorder
40
An electronic device that can digitally record audio or video
Dissemination
The phase of the intelligence process whereby information is shared with other law enforcement agencies
Diversion
The trafficking of pharmaceutical drugs to the street from Normal, legal channels
DNA analysis
A scientific process among the newest and most sophisticated of techniques used to test for genetic disorders which involves direct examination of the DNA molecule itself.
DNA technology
The science of identifying the genetic facsimile, or blueprint of an y particular organism in every cell within each human body.
Domestic terrorism
The unlawful use, or threatened use of force by a group of individuals based and operating entirely within the United States without foreign direction. committed against persons or property to intimidate or coercea government, the civilian population ,or any segment thereof , in furtherance of social or political objectives.
Domestic violence
A pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation.
Double invoicing
A company orders merchandise from a foreign subsidiary at an inflated price
Drug addict robber
A robber who robs to support his or her drug habit
Drug courier profile
The practice of observing suspected drug traffickers to develop a pattern of behavior that would constitute legal cause for a stop and search by police
Drowning
50
A form of death that occurs when liquid enters the breathing passages, preventing air from getting to the lungs
Due process
The essential elements of fairness under the law, ensuring that no person is deprived of life, liberty, or property without notice of charges, assistance from legal counsel, or a hearing , and a chance to confront ones accusers.
Dust print
A visible fingerprint
Dying declaration
A statement given by a dying person that implicates the killer. The legal requirements of a dying declaration are that the victim must be rational and competent and must ultimately die of the wounds.
Gambling
The wagering of money or other valuables on the outcome of a game or event.
Gang
A group of people who, through the organization , formation, and establishment of an assemblage, share a common identity.
Gang rape
When a group of people participate in the rape of a single victim
Gangster
A slang term for a gang member
Geographic profiling
A criminal investigative methodology that analyzes the locations of a connected series of crimes to determine the most probable area of offender residence
Global navigation satellite system
A system of satellites that provides autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. It allows small electronic receives to determine their location to within a few meters using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites.
Good faith exception.
60
A legal doctrine providing an exception to the exclusionary rule
Gunshot residue (GSR)
Burnt and unburnt particles from the explosive primer, the propellant, as well as the components from the bullet, the cartridge case, and the firearm used.
Jacob wetterling crimes against children and sexually violent offender registration act.
A U. S. Law that requires states to implement a sex offender and crimes against children registry. It was enacted as part of the federal violent crime control and law enforcement act of 1994
Jailhouse snitch
A criminal informant who is incarcerated and willing to provide information to police in change for favors.
Joyriding
When a juvenile auto thief steals a car for enjoyment for short periods of time.
NATB
The national auto theft crime bureau
National insurance crime burea
A not for profit insurance organization committed to combating vehicle theft and insurance fraud
Natural death
A death that is primarily attributed to natural agents. Usually an illness or an internal malfunction of the body.
NCAVC
National center for analysis of violent crime
NCIC
National crime information center.
NCMEC
70
National center for missing and exploited children
Neglect
A passive form of abuse in which a perpetrator is responsible to provide effective care for a victim who is unable to care for himself or herself, but fails to provide adequate care.
Neighborhood canvass
A door to door search of a the area of a crime to identify witnesses
Neighborhood gang
A criminal gang that claims a particular geographical area or neighborhood.
Neighborhood watch
A program whereby merchants and residents are encouraged to take a more proactive role in detecting and reporting activity that might be criminal in nature
NON accusatory
An interview in which the subject being interviewed is not addressed as the accuser
Noncustodial parent
A parent who does not have legal custody of his child
Non family abduction
When a child is removed from his family through force or trickery.
Major case squads
Multi jurisdictional or metro crime investigative teams, drawing from the most talented investigative personnel from all jurisdictions.
Manslaughter
The deliberate killing of another person, characterized by either voluntary or involuntary classifications
Markers
80
Items placed in crime scene photos that call attention to specific objects or enable the viewer of the photo to get a sense of the size of the object or the distance between objects.
Mara salvatrucha
A relatively new violent Salvadoran gang that continues to spread despite law enforcement efforts, also known as MS 13
Mass murder
The commission of four or more murders in a single incident within a short span of time
Maximization
The exaggeration of evidence available, telling the person that the interrogator knows he or she is guilty or stressing the consequences of the crime
Megan’s law
An informal name for laws in the united states requiring law enforcement authorities to make information available to the public regarding registered sex offenders, which was created in response to the murder of Megan Kanka
Medical examiner
Public official who makes official determinations of the cause and time of death in wrongful death cases
Merchandis robbery
A robbery that involves the forcible taking of goods from a store
Method or operation MO
The behavior of the criminal during the commission of a crime.
Micro tremors
Tiny frequency modulation a in the human voice
Minimization
A term used when law enforcement is required to limit their monitoring of criminal suspects.
Miranda warning
90
The legal guidelines to protect the rights of the accused were defined further by the Supreme Court in such cases as Miranda
Misdemeanor
A less serious crime than a felony, usually punishable by less then one year in the county jail, a fine, or both.
Missing children act of 1982
Legislation that allowed the entry of missing children into the national crime information center (NCIC) even though the noncustodial parent would not be charged with a crime.
Missing children’s assistance act.
Legislation that create a national clearinghouse for missing children and authorizing research to determine the extent of the problem within this country.
Mobile surveillance
Observing a criminal suspect from a moving vehicle
Motion
A written request or an oral request made to the court anytime before, during , or after court proceedings
Motivation
Reasons why someone does something
Mugging
A strong Arm robbery
Multilateration
A navigation technique based on the measurement of the difference in distance or two or more stations at know locations that broadcast signals at known times.
Murder
The purposeful , premeditated, and unlawful taking of human life by another person
Mutual assault
100
When both people involved in an altercation committed assault
